Androstenone and testosterone levels and testicular morphology of Duroc boars related to estimated breeding value for androstenone.

Androstenone and testosterone levels in Duroc boars with an estimated breeding value for androstenone (EBV(androstenone)) were followed in the period from birth to sexual maturity. The breeding value for androstenone had been estimated based on androstenone levels in 1202 Duroc boars at an age of 24 weeks. Testosterone and androstenone levels in plasma were recorded in 19 boars at 1 week of age and in their 15 respective litter-siblings at 3 weeks of age. Between 12 and 27 weeks of age, plasma levels were recorded weekly in a third set of 16 litter-siblings. In the last group, histomorphology was performed at 12, 16, 20, and 27 weeks of age to determine sexual maturity status. The EBV(androstenone) was positively related to plasma androstenone in animals 12 to 27 weeks of age and to plasma testosterone levels in 1- and 3-week-old animals. The EBV(androstenone) was not related to testis morphology. The concentration of fat androstenone was positively correlated to the percentage of immature seminiferous tubules and negatively correlated to the percentage of mature seminiferous tubules at 20 weeks. Testosterone in plasma showed no relationship with testis morphology. Most individuals reached puberty at 20 weeks of age, which indicates that Duroc mature later than crossbred boars. The results indicated that breeding value based on the single trait boar taint parameter EBV(androstenone) was not related to testicular development.

Gene expression profiles in testis of pigs with extreme high and low levels of androstenone.

BACKGROUND: Boar taint is a major obstacle when using uncastrated male pigs for swine production. One of the main compounds causing this taint is androstenone, a pheromone produced in porcine testis. Here we use microarrays to study the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously in testis of high and low androstenone boars. The study allows identification of genes and pathways associated with elevated androstenone levels, which is essential for recognising potential molecular markers for breeding purposes. RESULTS: Testicular tissue was collected from 60 boars, 30 with extreme high and 30 with extreme low levels of androstenone, from each of the two breeds Duroc and Norwegian Landrace. The samples were hybridised to porcine arrays containing 26,877 cDNA clones, detecting 563 and 160 genes that were differentially expressed (p < 0.01) in Duroc and Norwegian Landrace, respectively. Of these significantly up- and down-regulated clones, 72 were found to be common for the two breeds, suggesting the possibility of both general and breed specific mechanisms in regulation of, or response to androstenone levels in boars. Ten genes were chosen for verification of expression patterns by quantitative real competitive PCR and real-time PCR. As expected, our results point towards steroid hormone metabolism and biosynthesis as important biological processes for the androstenone levels, but other potential pathways were identified as well. Among these were oxidoreductase activity, ferric iron binding, iron ion binding and electron transport activities. Genes belonging to the cytochrome P450 and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase families were highly up-regulated, in addition to several genes encoding different families of conjugation enzymes. Furthermore, a number of genes encoding transcription factors were found both up- and down-regulated. The high number of clones belonging to ferric iron and iron ion binding suggests an importance of these genes, and the association between these pathways and androstenone levels is not previously described. CONCLUSION: This study contributes to the understanding of the complex genetic system controlling and responding to androstenone levels in pig testis. The identification of new pathways and genes involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of androstenone is an important first step towards finding molecular markers to reduce boar taint.