Prolactin levels and maternal behavior induced by ultrasonic vocalizations of the rat pup.

The relationship among ultrasonic vocalization (USV), prolactin and maternal behavior was investigated in lactating rat mothers and their pups. The lactating mother had a cannula inserted into the external jugular vein, and was exposed to USVs emitted from a pup immediately. Changes of prolactin and maternal behavior were determined. Prolactin increased dramatically during exposure to USVs, when maternal search, retrieving and nest building behavior appeared significantly. These results suggested that the relationship among USV, prolactin and maternal behavior was included in communication between lactating mother and pup.

Comparative study on isolation calls emitted from hamster pups.

Waveforms of isolation calls emitted from hamster pups, which were Syrian hamsters, Djungarian hamsters, and Chinese hamsters, were compared in a basic study on improving reproduction by decrease of cannibalism, because it was reported that maternal behavior was induced by isolation calls in rodents. Isolation calls of hamster pups, isolated from their mother and receiving cold stress, were collected by Real-Time Spectrogram (RTS), and calculated to spectrograms and power spectra by SIGNAL. Isolation calls consisted of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) and audible vocalizations (ADVs) in each species. Waveforms of isolation calls emitted by the hamster pups, were shown to have several characteristic features. In this study, the species specificity of isolation calls was shown in hamster pups. It would seem that the species specificity originates in the differences of sensitivity to cold stress via the autonomic nerve in hamsters.

Functional natural killer T cells in experimental mouse strains, including NK1.1- strains.

Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a newly discovered subset of lymphocytes. It appears that this subset has potential as important regulators of immune responses. But because there are relatively few NKT cells in lymphoid organs and because of technical difficulties in detecting NKT cells in most mouse strains, the roles of NKT cells have not been fully identified and little attention has been paid to the roles of NKT cells in immunological experiments in which NK1.1- strains were used. To examine the existence of functional NKT cells in various strains of experimental mice, including NK1.1- strains, we utilized alpha-galactosylceramide (KRN7000) which is thought to react specifically with NKT cells. Indeed, we could confirm that early cytokine (IL-4 and IFN-gamma) secretion at 2 h after the injection of KRN7000 was dependent on NKT cells. With this in vivo system, we have successfully detected the presence of functional NKT cells in various mouse strains, including AKR/N, BALB/c, C3H/HeJ, C3H/HeN, C57BL/6, C.B-17, CBA/N, NC, NOD, SJL, W/Wv, aly/aly and aly/+. Notable increases of serum IL-4 were detected in W/Wv and aly/+ strains, and defective response of IFN-gamma in SJL mice and that of IL-4 in NOD mice were observed. This is the first report to show the functional significance of NKT cells in cytokine secretion in various mouse strains in response to a ligand for the T cell receptor of NKT cells.

Marking behavior is innate and not learned in the Mongolian gerbil.

We studied whether marking behavior in Mongolian gerbils would be innate or learned behavior. The marking behavior was defined as "animals rubbing their abdominal scent glands on small protruding objects". Between 21 and 90 days of age, Mongolian gerbils, which were kept under such conditions that they would be unable to learn this behavior, were observed at intervals of 5-15 days to find out if there were signs of the behavior or not. Six male and four female Mongolian gerbils were used for observing. Neonate Mongolian gerbils during the age of 3 to 28 days were fostered by ICR mother mice. Weaning Mongolian gerbils were then individually kept away from the others. Marking behavior was observed in 2 out of 6 males at 50 days of age and 2 of 4 females at 60 days and the mean frequency of the marking behavior for 10 min was 3.5 in the males and 5.0 in the females. These results suggest that marking behavior was innate and not learned behavior in Mongolian gerbils.

p-Chloroamphetamine (PCA) suppresses ingestive behavior in male rats.

Ingestive behavior was activated in male rats by intraoral intake and intake from a bottle of 1-M solution of sucrose. Intraperitoneal injection of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA), releasing central 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) from serotonergic nerve terminals, inhibited ingestion of the sucrose solution. Significant inhibition of sucrose intake by PCA was observed at 1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg dose in a bottle intake test, and at 5.0 mg/kg dose in an intraoral intake test. These findings suggested that 1.25 and 5.0 mg/kg of PCA suppressed appetitive ingestive behavior and consummatory ingestive behavior in male rats, respectively.

Observation of marking-like behavior, marking behavior, and growth of the scent gland in young Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) of an inbred strain.

A marking-like behavior (defined by authors), a marking behavior, and growth of the scent glands were observed in young Mongolian gerbils of an inbred strain. In males and females, a marking-like behavior, in which animals rub their abdominal scent glands on the floor, began to be seen at the age of 19 days and could be seen in almost all the gerbils at 22 days of age during the suckling period. The frequency of this behavior was highest at 60 days of age (males: 17.9/10 min, females: 15.4/10 min) and there was no sex difference. Marking behavior, in which animals rub their abdominal scent glands on small protruding objects, began to be seen at the age of 40 days in males and 50 days in females. The frequency of this behavior tended to increase until 90 days of age in males (13.7/10 min), but the levels were low (2.5-5.0/10 min) in females. The values in the male group therefore tended to be higher than that in the female group. Macroscopic scent gland pads were clearly observed at the age of 30 days in males, but not until 45 days of age in females. At the age of 45-90 days, the length of the scent gland pad in males and females was 2.1-2.8 and 1.6-1.7 cm, respectively and the width was 0.3-0.5 in males and 0.2-0.3 cm in females. During this period, the length and depth of the pads in males were significantly greater than those in females (p < 0.05). Histological examination of the structure of the scent glands after the age of 45 days showed that the development of clusters of acinar cells in females occurred much later than that in males, but the basic structure of these glands was similar in both sexes. These results suggest that the marking-like behavior was manifested although during the period when the scent glands had not yet developed, whereas true marking behavior first occurred when the glands were moderately well developed.

Simultaneous observation of ingestive and copulatory behavior of the male rat.

In a preliminary test male rats were allowed to ingest a 1 M solution of sucrose from a drinking spout. After daily intake of sucrose became stabilized, the males were given a sexually receptive or non-receptive female and the bottle filled with sucrose solution simultaneously. The ingestive and copulatory behavior was observed for 60 min under illumination by a red lamp. The data obtained from this study showed that the ingestive behavior of males was suppressed by the presence of sexually receptive females and, conversely, the sexual behavior of males was not affected by the presence of a bottle of sucrose. These results suggest that the presence of a sexual partner inhibits appetitive ingestive behavior, i.e., the responses used by male rats to obtain food.

Sex differences in susceptibility of ICR mice to oral infection with Corynebacterium kutscheri.

Sex difference in susceptibility to oral infection with Corynebacterium (C.) kutscheri was experimentally studied in ICR mice. Immature (4-week-old) and adult (14-week-old) mice were inoculated with two infecting doses of C. kutscheri, and necropsied for bacteriological and serological survey 4 weeks after the bacterial infection. No macroscopic lesions at necropsy were demonstrated, except for one adult male given 10(9) bacteria. In immature mice, C. Kutscheri isolated from the oral cavity and cecum with FNC agar, were recovered in only 40.0% of female mice but in 90.0% of male mice given 10(6) bacteria (p < 0.05), and in only 55.6% of female mice but in 80.0% male mice given 10(8) bacteria. In adult mice given 10(9) bacteria, the organism were recovered in only 45.5% of female mice but in 90.9% of male mice (p < 0.05), furthermore, the mean number of organisms in the cecum of male mice harboring the organism was significantly higher than that in females (p < 0.01). Castration caused an increase in host resistance in adult male mice. These results indicated that ICR male mice were more susceptible than females, in terms of bacterial colonization in the cecum and the oral cavity, to oral infection with C. kutscheri.

Fine structure of three types of olfactory organs in Xenopus laevis.

There is no report on the fine structure of three types of olfactory organs in Xenopus laevis. Their functional assignments in olfaction are not yet established. The fine structure of three types of olfactory organs, olfactory epithelium (OE), vomeronasal organ (VNO), and middle chamber epithelium (MCE), was examined in Xenopus laevis by light and electron microscopy. The olfactory cells of the OE and the sensory cells of the VNO were equipped with cilia and microvilli, respectively, similar to terrestrial animals that possess both the OE and the VNO. On the other hand, the sensory cells of the MCE were classified into two types, the sensory cells with cilia and the sensory cells with microvilli, like those of the OE in fish. These findings suggest that the OE and the VNO in Xenopus laevis detect different kinds of odoriferous molecules in air, whereas the MCE is involved in the perception of odorants in water.

Intraperitoneal insemination of the guinea pig with synchronized estrus induced by progesterone implant.

Female guinea pigs with synchronized ovulation by means of implantation of progesterone-filled tubing (P-tube) followed by a progesterone injection, were inseminated by intraperitoneal injection with sperm suspension. First, to obtain the optimum conditions for insemination, the females were inseminated singly over the range of 1-10 x 10(7) spermatozoa before and after the synchronized ovulation. The incidence of conception and implantation was 100% in the females given more than 5 x 10(7)/animal at 9:00 h on the 5th day after removal of the P-tube. Second, the reproductive ability of the inseminated females under this optimal condition was observed throughout the pregnancy to delivery. Inseminated females had a mean +/- S.D. gestation period of 68.7 +/- 0.5 days, a litter size of 2.8 +/- 0.6 pups and body weight of 110 +/- 14 g. These data were comparable to those of naturally-mated females. Our findings suggest that the artificial insemination by intraperitoneal injection in combination with the synchronized estrus technique is very useful for production control in a small colony of guinea pigs.

Para-chloroamphetamine (PCA)-induced ejaculation in aged rats, semen analysis and artificial insemination.

The present study was undertaken to determine sperm motility and counts in semen yielded by para-chloroamphetamine (PCA)-induced ejaculation of aged rats which had lost their reproductive ability, and to attempt artificial insemination with suspensions of spermatozoa obtained in this way. The semen yielded by PCA-induced ejaculation from aged (75-week-old) rats had average sperm counts of 0.82 +/- 0.69 x 10(7), which were much lower than the average counts (9.42 +/- 1.65 x 10(7)) for semen spontaneously ejaculated by young adult rats (14 weeks old). However, 77.5% of the spermatozoa contained in the PCA-induced semen were rated as showing the most active movement. Spermatozoa collected in this way were injected into the upper parts of both uterine horns or into both ovarian bursae. Both methods made the females pregnant, but the results were better after injection into the ovarian bursae. The offspring born to these females showed no abnormalities.

[Age-related changes in the retina of WBN/Kob rats--a pathological study].

Male rats of the WBN/Kob strain, which are known to spontaneously develop diabetes with aging, were examined for histopathological changes in the retina. Five rats (10 eyes) each of WBN/Kob and Wistar/ST as a control were used, and the thickness of the retinal layers, both the central region and the peripheral region of the retina, were measured on weeks 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 13, 17, 23, 27, 36, 45, 54, 67 and 80 after birth. The rod and cone cell layer in WBN/Kob rats was under-grown, and its thickness decreased 71.7% in the central zone and 59.3% in the peripheral zone of the retina compared with that of the control. In the central and peripheral retina, the rod and cone cell layer, outer nuclear layer and outer plexiform layer, as well as the inner plexiform layer in the central retina, gradually decreased in thickness from 5-45 weeks of age. In the central and peripheral parts of the retina, the number of nuclei decreased in accordance with the thinning of the nuclear layer. The thinned layers showed only cell loss. The rod and cone cell layer of the peripheral retina was thinner than that of the central retina. We obtained the following findings in the retina of male WBN/Kob rats. First, the rod and cone cell layer is undergrown compared with that of the control. Second, the first change occurred in the rod and cone cell layer. Third, the thinning of the rod and cone cell layer appeared at 5 weeks of age, and thinning with aging was slow. And finally, the thinning of the peripheral retina was more severe than that of the central retina. From the above findings, it seems that retinal changes in WBN/Kob rats are similar to the retinal degeneration of rds mice (retinal degeneration slow mice) and that WBN/Kob rats provide a useful animal model for human retinopathy.

[Histological studies on postnatal development of the musk gland in house musk shrews (Suncus murinus)].

The development of the musk gland in house musk shrews aged 0 to 21 days was studied lectin histochemically. On about 3 days of age, the musk gland could be discriminated from surrounding skin. This organ developed markedly on days 3 to 7, and its development continued to 21 days of age. Histologically, on day 1, the bulges that should develop into musk glands were identified in the vicinity of hair germs. On days 3 to 7, these bulges developed markedly, and on day 21 their structure revealed almost the same morphology with that in mature musk glands. We used 7 lectins; ConA, RCA I, PNA, SBA, UEA-I, DBA, and WGA. On day 1, 6 lectins except for WGA labelled the cell of the musk gland. WGA began to label it on day 3. Until 7 days of age, lectins bound to only the cytoplasm of the cell of musk glands. On days 12, however, PNA and UEA-1 labelled the cell membrane equally, and RCA I labeled it on day 21.

[Effects of the long-term administration of methamphetamine on body weight, food intake, blood biochemistry and estrous cycle in rats].

We have a big problem with the abuse of amphetamine and its close relative, methamphetamine (MAP) in Japan. As an animal model of people who abuse MAP, male and female rats were treated with MAP (0.1-10.0 mg/kg/day) for a long time. The results obtained in the present study were as follows. 1. Body weights in MAP-treated groups showed a dose-dependent decrease with loss of food intake. 2. Food intake in rats treated with MAP decreased, compared with the control, but when treatment with MAP was discontinued, food intake increased dramatically. 3. In a blood biochemistry assay, the turnover of protein and lipid was suppressed in rats after MAP. 4. The administration of MAP appeared to disturb the estrous cycle in female rats.

Pathogenicity of Corynebacterium kutscheri in the Syrian hamster.

The pathogenicity of Corynebacterium kutscheri isolated for the first time from Syrian hamster was experimentally studied in hamsters. In hamsters given intramuscular (i.m.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) inoculation with 10 or 10(3) bacteria, neither clinical signs nor gross lesions were found. In those given 10(5) bacteria i.m., moderate proliferation of granulation tissue was found in the muscle of the inoculation region at necropsy. In the animals given 10(5) bacteria s.c., a nodular lesion was observed at the inoculation site 2 days post-inoculation (p.i.), but the nodules subsided gradually from 6 days p.i. and were unclear 10 days p.i. At necropsy, small abscesses were found in all the animals in this group. In those given 10(7) bacteria either i.m. or s.c., lesions were clearly observed at the inoculation site 1 to 10 days p.i., and a large abscess was noted at necropsy. The organisms were isolated only from the lesions in the groups. Agglutinating antibody in the sera was detected only in the animals given 10(5) or 10(7) bacteria. This suggests that 10(5) of C. kutscheri are needed to form localized nodular abscesses in Syrian hamsters.

Natural and subclinical Corynebacterium kutscheri infection in rats.

Distribution of Corynebacterium kutscheri was determined in 41 rats housed in a conventionally managed colony that were infected naturally and subclinically. At 2, 5, 10, 20 and 25 months after initial isolation of C. kutscheri, attempts were made to isolate C. kutscheri from 17 sites, with a new selective medium, FNC agar. In total, the prevalence (97.6%) of C. kutscheri isolation was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than the frequency (70.7%) of antibody detection. None of the rats manifested any distinct clinical signs of disease and macroscopic lesions caused by C. kutscheri were not detected. In 40 rats with subclinical infection, the organisms were most frequently isolated from the oral cavity, esophagus, cecal contents, and colon and rectum (> 95.0%). The isolation rate was next highest in the trachea, submaxillary lymph nodes, and nasal cavity (47.5 to 52.5%). The organisms hardly colonized the lung, liver, and kidney. Mean numbers of organisms found in the esophagus, cecal contents, and colon and rectum ranged from 10(3.9) to 10(4.2) CFU/g, and were significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) high in comparison with those in the lung. These results indicated that many healthy rats in the naturally infected colony harbored C. kutscheri, and the organisms colonized the oral cavity, esophagus, cecal contents, and colon and rectum most frequently.

Natural habitats of Corynebacterium kutscheri in subclinically infected ICGN and DBA/2 strains of mice.

Subclinically infected mice of ICGN and DBA/2 strains housed in a conventionally managed colony were examined to determine natural habitats of Corynebacterium kutscheri. At 5, 7, 9, 12 and 13 months after initial isolation of the organism from oral cavity and cecal contents of five ICGN mice, attempts were made to isolate C. kutscheri from 19 sites using a new selective medium, furazolidone-nalidixic acid-colimycin agar. From the initial survey to 13 months, C. kutscheri was isolated from 27 of 29 ICGN mice (93.1%) and 9 of 10 DBA/2 mice (90%). In contrast, antibody against C. kutscheri was detected in only 3 of 29 ICGN mice (10.3%). None of the mice manifested distinct clinical signs of infection, and only 1 ICGN mouse had macroscopic lesions such as hepatic abscess and large spleen. In 21 ICGN and 9 DBA/2 mice that harbored the organism without macroscopic lesions, the organisms were most frequently isolated from the oral cavity (ICGN:100%, DBA/2:66.7%), cecum (ICGN:95.2%, DBA/2:100%), and colon and rectum (ICGN:95.2%, DBA/2:100%). Remarkable differences between the two mouse strains were observed in colonization of the nasal cavity (ICGN:85.7%, DBA/2:0%) and trachea (ICGN:71.4%, DBA/2:33.3%). In mice of both strains, the organisms rarely colonized the lung, liver, and kidney. Mean numbers of organisms in the cecum, and colon and rectum ranged from 10(4.1) to 10(4.6) colony-forming units/g and were significantly higher in comparison with those in the small intestine (P < 0.01, P < 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Sedative effect of medetomidine and its reversal by atipamezole in house musk shrews (Suncus murinus).

This study was undertaken to evaluate the sedative effect of medetomidine, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, and the counteractive effect of atipamezole, an antagonist to medetomidine, in house musk shrews (Suncus murinus). Two hundred, 300, 400, or 600 micrograms/kg of medetomidine was intraperitoneal injected into 89 house musk shrews. A sedative effect was produced in one to two minutes after injection. The dose-dependent prolongation of the sedative duration and the dose-dependent appearance of a hypothermic effect were demonstrated. With 200 micrograms/kg of medetomidine, the sedative effect obtained was not adequate in some of the animals. With 300 micrograms/kg and above, a stable sedative state was induced in all the animals. The duration of sedation in the house musk shrews was much longer (p < 0.01) in males than in females. This suggested the higher susceptibility of male house musk shrews to this drug. The sedative effect and hypothermia obtained with 400 micrograms/kg of medetomidine were completely counteracted by more than 2.0 mg/kg of atipamezole. With 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg of atipamezole, only a partial antagonistic action was produced. Transient vomiting appeared in 4.5% of the house musk shrews at approximately one minute after injection of medetomidine. This side-effect had occurred before the sedative effect was obtained, and was not serious enough to be a problem. None of the 89 house musk shrews died in this experiment. The above results show that the combination of medetomidine and atipamezole is a highly effective and safe anesthetic treatment which permits easy handling of house musk shrews.

Comparison of copulatory behavior in male Syrian hamsters paired with one, two and four proestrous females each.

To increase the efficiency of Syrian hamster reproduction, individual males were caged with 2 or 4 estrous females. The fertility of the males caged with 2 or 4 females was lower than that of those caged with a single estrous female. To clarify the cause of this, we observed the copulating behavior of males for 30 minutes and examined their fertility. The median frequency of mounting, intromission and ejaculation was 27, 36 and 3, respectively, for the males caged with a single female, 37, 27 and 4, respectively, for the males caged with 2 females and 13, 2 and 0, respectively, for the males caged with 4 females. Thus, these parameters were markedly reduced in the 1:4 mating group as compared with the 1:1 and 1:2 mating groups. In the 1:2 mating group, spermatozoa were detected in the vaginas of 12 of the 14 females, but only 6 of these 12 females delivered litters. In the 1:4 mating group, complete sequences of copulating behaviors were rarely seen, and spermatozoa were detected in the vaginas of only 6 of the 28 females, and only one of these 6 females delivered. Thus, the efficiency of offspring production was not increased by raising the number of estrous females exposed to a male, probably due to a decrease in the frequency of male copulation in the presence of 2 females and due to inhibition of the male's copulating behavior in the presence of 4 females.