Identification of new Golgi complex specific proteins by direct organelle proteomic analysis.

The Golgi complex is in the crossroad of the endocytic and secretory pathways. Its function is to post-translationally modify and sort proteins and lipids, and regulate the membrane balance in the cell. To understand the structure-function relationship of the Golgi complex the Golgi proteome has to be identified first. We have used a direct organelle proteomic analysis to identify new Golgi complex proteins. Enriched stacked Golgi membrane fractions from rat livers were isolated, and the proteins from these membranes were subsequently digested into peptides. The peptides were fractionated by cation-exchange chromatography followed by protein identification by automated capillary-LC/ESI-MS/MS analysis and database searches. Two different search programs, ProID and MASCOT were used. This resulted in a total of 1125 protein identifications in two experiments. In addition to the known Golgi resident proteins, a significant number of unknown proteins were identified. Some of these were further characterized in silico using different programs to provide insight into their structure, intracellular localization and biological functions. The Golgi localization of two of these newly identified proteins was also confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence.

Modeling tumor predisposing FH mutations in yeast: effects on fumarase activity, growth phenotype and gene expression profile.

Heterozygous mutations in the fumarase (FH) gene cause the tumor predisposition syndrome hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (MIM 605839). While most families segregate a benign phenotype of multiple leiomyomas, others display a phenotype with early-onset renal cancer and leiomyosarcoma. Modifier genes may play a role in this, but an alternative explanation is simple genotype-phenotype association. FH mutations predisposing to cancer appear to be truncating or in fully conserved amino acids, suggesting that mutations severely affecting FH activity might predispose to malignancy. In the present study, we analyzed 2 conserved fumarase mutations in yeast. H153R has been described in 3 cancer predisposition families; whereas all 3 reported K187R families have displayed the benign phenotype. Examining H153R and K187R should clarify whether cancer-related FH mutations differ from their benign phenotype-associated counterparts. Yeast strains containing the 2 mutations, and knockout and wild type (WT) references, were created and the growth phenotypes studied on selected carbon sources to assess mitochondrial function. Additionally, Fum1 protein production and activity were measured, and the strains were subjected to transcriptional profiling. On nonfermentable lactate medium, the fumarase knockout strains did not grow, whereas the mutants showed no differences, as compared to WT yeast. Although both mutant strains produced fumarase, a considerable decrease in enzyme activity was seen in mutants with respect to WT. Transcription of the majority of Krebs cycle enzymes was downregulated in response to mutations in fumarase. In conclusion, both mutants displayed some, albeit greatly reduced, fumarase activity. This activity was sufficient to support normal growth on nonfermentable carbon source, unlike the deletion phenotype, demonstrating the significance of the residual activity. The findings support the hypothesis that modifier gene(s), rather than phenotype-genotype effects, display a major role in determining tumor phenotypes in families segregating FH mutations.