Microbial Profile and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern in Diabetic Patients with Mild, Moderate, and Severe Foot Infections in Tehran.

It is estimated that 10-25% of diabetic patients will encounter diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) during their lifetime. This study evaluated the microbiology of DFUs and determined the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacterial isolates based on the severity of wounds and infections in different grades of ulcer. The specimens were collected from115 diabetic foot infections (DFI) deep tissue by needle aspiration and biopsy. The aerobic and anaerobic cultures and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were carried out. The presence of resistance genes including metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL), extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL), ermA, ermC, and mecA was also determined. A total of 222 microorganisms were isolated. The prevalence of poly-microbial infections was 69.6%. Bacterial isolates comprised 64.2% Gram-positive bacteria (GPB), 33.5% Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), and five isolates of anaerobic bacteria were also detected. The most prevalent GPB and GNB were Staphylococcus spp. (52.2%) and Escherichia coli (33.3%), respectively. The prevalence of poly-microbial infections and GNB was positively associated with increased grades of Wagner and IDSA classifications. Among Staphylococcus aureus isolates, resistance to clindamycin (73.5%), ciprofloxacin (70.6%), and erythromycin (70.6%) were noticeable. GNB was also highly resistant to cephalosporins and ciprofloxacin. ESBL genes were detected in approximately 40% of isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. The prevalence of ermA, ermC, and mecA genes in S. aureus isolates were 8.8%, 32.3%, and 14.7%, respectively. In conclusion, our data suggest that GPBs are the most common isolates from DFIs. Furthermore, with the development of wounds and infection, the prevalence of GNB in DFIs are increased.

Adherence of oral streptococci to composite resin of varying surface roughness.

The adherence of oral bacteria to composite resins plays an important role in the development of secondary caries. The present study deals with the adherence to composite resin having various surface roughness of S.oralis, which is frequently isolated from composite resin squares attached to maxillary first molars. available commercial resin was used in this experiment. In vitro bacterial adhesion test was carried out under a sucrose independent conditions. The surface roughness values of each specimen ranged between 0.2 micron and 3.0 microns. No relationship was observed between the surface roughness values and bacterial adhesion because S. oralis adhered firmly to the filler particles of all composite resin surfaces.

[In vitro cytotoxicity of Palfique Bonding Agent].

Cytotoxicity of Palfiqu Bonding agent including Universal and Catalyst was examined by a cell culture study using HeLa cells. The Catalyst was cytotoxic to the cell, but Universal revealed no such cytotoxicity. This depended on time and concentration of materials immersed in culture medium.

[Adhesive efficiency of new bonding agents to dentin on bonding agent using urethane acrylate oligomer].

The tensile bond strength of new bonding agents on human dentin treated with 37% phosphoric acid solution for 60 sec to a photocurable composite resin was measured and the fractured surface was then observed by SEM. The new bonding agents consisted of various 20 wt% high molecular monomers (MW. 1500, 5000, urethane acrylate oligomer) as a base monomer. The best bonding agent was a mixture of 20 wt% 1500 molecular monomer as a base monomer and the value of the tensile bond strength was 91 +/- 17 kgf/cm2. The tensile bond test and SEM image of the fracture surface suggested that a high molecular monomer as a base monomer promoted the adhesive efficiency to human dentin.