Evaluation of Aniseikonia in Patients with Successfully Treated Anisometropic Amblyopia Using Spatial Aniseikonia Test.

Anisometropic amblyopia is decreased visual acuity in one eye, and treatment consists of wearing complete corrective spectacles. Aniseikonia occurs with complete correction of anisometropia using spectacles. Aniseikonia has been ignored when treating pediatric anisometropic amblyopia because of the prevailing belief that anisometropic symptoms are suppressed by adaptation. However, the conventional direct comparison method for evaluating aniseikonia significantly underestimates the degree of aniseikonia. This study investigated whether the adaptation occurs due to long-term anisometropic amblyopia treatment in patients who have had successful amblyopia treatment using a spatial aniseikonia test with high accuracy and repeatability compared with the conventional direct comparison method. The amount of aniseikonia was not significantly different between the patients with successful amblyopia treatment and individuals with anisometropia without a history of amblyopia. In both groups, the aniseikonia per 1.00 D of anisometropia and the aniseikonia per 1.00 mm of aniso-axial length were comparable. The repeatability of the amount of aniseikonia using the spatial aniseikonia test did not differ significantly between the two groups, indicating a high degree of agreement. These findings suggest that aniseikonia is not adapted to amblyopia treatment and that aniseikonia increases as the difference between spherical equivalent and axial length increases.

Refractive changes with post-rotatory nystagmus in healthy individuals.

PURPOSE: Post-rotatory nystagmus has been used to detect autism spectrum disorders in clinical settings. Although previous studies have focused on eye movements, they did not evaluate the change in ocular refraction during post-rotatory nystagmus. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in ocular refraction during post-rotatory nystagmus in healthy individuals. METHODS: A total of 34 healthy volunteers (mean age ± standard deviation, 20.9 ± 0.6 years) participated in this study. The ocular refraction during post-rotatory nystagmus was measured using MR-6000 (Tomey Inc.) on quick mode with a sampling rate of 30 Hz under noncycloplegic and cycloplegic conditions. The amplitude of post-rotatory nystagmus was calculated on the basis of the anterior eye images, while the ocular refraction measurements were simultaneously recorded. The accommodative convergence per accommodation ratio was calculated using the heterophoria method. Video oculography was performed to measure the angle of convergence during post-rotatory nystagmus. RESULTS: The changes in ocular refraction during post-rotatory nystagmus were significantly greater under the noncycloplegic condition than under the cycloplegic condition. The changes in ocular refraction during the post-rotatory nystagmus were significantly and positively correlated with the amplitude of post-rotatory nystagmus under the noncycloplegic condition. The angle of convergence during post-rotatory nystagmus was significantly higher under the noncycloplegic condition than under the cycloplegic condition. The changes in the angle of convergence were significantly and positively correlated with the predicted accommodative convergence. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the accommodation was functional during the post-rotatory nystagmus to compensate for the retinal image slip, and the accommodative convergence can help weaken the nystagmus.

Sensitivity Enhancement of Tube-Integrated MEMS Flow Sensor Using Flexible Copper on Polyimide Substrate.

A tube-integrated flow sensor is proposed in this study by integrating a micro-electro mechanical systems (MEMS) flow-sensing element and electrical wiring structure on the same copper on polyimide (COP) substrate. The substrate was rolled into a circular tube with the flow-sensing element installed at the center of the tube. The signal lines were simultaneously formed and connected to the Cu layer of the substrate during the fabrication of the sensing structure, thus simplifying the electrical connection process. Finally, by rolling the fabricated sensor substrate, the flow sensor device itself was transformed into a circular tube structure, which defined the airflow region. By implementing several slits on the substrate, the sensing element was successfully placed at the center of the tube where the flow velocity is maximum. Compared to the conventional sensor structure in which the sensor was placed on the inner wall surface of the tube, the sensitivity of the sensor was doubled.