Insights with consensus on Abductor Pollicis Longus from the Central Indian population at Nagpur, Maharashtra.

The anatomical snuff box is bounded laterally by the Abductor pollicis longus (APL) and the Extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) tendons. The variation in insertion of extensor tendons at the forearm and wrist is an interesting phenomenon. Therefore, a sound knowledge of such variations in extensor tendons is essential to know the consequence of tendon injury during implementation of its repair. Hence, we studied 48 formaldehyde fixed forearms of Indian-origin cadavers with age groups ranging from 33 to 67 years from the Central Indian population at Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. Variation in the insertion of APL was checked by tracing the tendon till its insertion. APL muscle was found with single tendon in 20 forearms, double in 9, triple in 8 and quadruple in 5 and five (maximum) in 6 forearms. In 93% (n=45), the APL tendon was inserted into the first metacarpal bone and in 7% (n=03), it was inserted into the trapezium bone. No variation was noted in the EPB tendon. Data shows that there are accessory slips in the APL tendon, differing from the standard description. Thus, data provides awareness of such potential variation among operating surgeons for better management of the diseased during dissection.

Assessment of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Body Mass Index in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients: A Case-Control Study.

Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is a major public health concern in most underdeveloped and developing countries. PTB affects the nutritional status of the patients and influences the body mass index (BMI). There is tissue inflammation and free radical burst from activated phagocytes resulting in oxidative stress. The present study was designed to assess the relationship between oxidative stress and body mass index in newly detected pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Method: This was a case-control study designed to assess oxidative stress parameters such as nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in 40 consecutives newly diagnosed PTB patients and compared with 40 age-matched healthy controls. The nutritional status of the study subjects was measured by calculating the BMI. Results: The mean BMI was 21.61±3.52 Kg/m2 in controls and 17.47±1.56 Kg/m2 in PTB patients and the difference was statistically significant (p <0.0001). The mean levels of MDA (7.65±0.65 nmol/ml) and NO (36.12±1.07 µmol/l) were significantly higher in PTB patients compared to controls (MDA 3.56±0.41 nmol/ml and NO 14.48±0.93 µmol/l). Conclusions: Increased levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide were observed in newly diagnosed PTB patients when compared to controls indicating oxidative stress in PTB. The BMI of these patients was significantly lower than the controls. Thus, it is concluded that there is an inverse relationship between oxidative stress and BMI in PTB patients and antioxidant supplementation in addition to nutritional intervention under the National Tuberculosis Elimination Program may help to improve the BMI and promote better recovery in these patients.

Oxidative stress and its impact on mitochondrial DNA in pulmonary tuberculosis patients- a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality all around the world. Recent studies have pointed out increased oxidative stress and also DNA damage in peripheral blood in PTB. Till date, to the best of our knowledge, no study has so far been conducted to show the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions mapping in PTB patients. Therefore we performed the present study with the aim to investigate oxidative stress parameters along with mtDNA damage in newly diagnosed untreated PTB patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a prospective study carried out in Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram,Wardha, Maharashtra during september 2017 to september 2018.Thirty newly diagnosed untreated PTB patients and thirty age matched healthy controls were enrolled in the present study. Analysis of Oxidative stress parameters such as nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were done by calorimetric methods. Assessment of mitochondrial DNA damage was carried out by mtDNA deletions mapping using primer shift long range polymerase chain reaction technique. RESULTS: There was significant increase in levels of oxidative stress parameters, nitric oxide and malondialdehyde, in PTB patients compared to controls (p < 0.01). Generally there are two common deletion sites of "13 bp direct repeats" (ACCTCCCTCACCA) in mtDNA. One at the junction sites from bp 8470 to 8482 bp and another from bp 13447 to 13460 bp which make mtDNA more prone for 4977bp deletion. Out of thirty cases of PTB, two cases showed mtDNA damage in the form of mtDNA deletion of 4977bp. There was no mtDNA deletion in any control which can be attributed to continuous generation of oxidative stress. CONCLUSION: This pilot study has been able to demonstrate that compared to controls, in newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients some mtDNA damage did occur and was probably due to continuous generation of oxidative stress in tuberculous patients. However, sample size is too small to draw any conclusions but definitely a more comprehensive study, by recruiting more number of pulmonary tuberculosis patients is warranted to establish correlation between oxidative stress and mtDNA damage in PTB.

A Study on Chromosomal Analysis of Patients with Primary Amenorrhea.

BACKGROUND: Primary amenorrhea is one of the most common disorders seen as gynecological problems in adolescent girls. It refers to the participants who did not attain menarche by the age of 11-15 years. Chromosome abnormalities contribute as one of the etiological factors in patients with primary amenorrhea. AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities and to investigate the abnormal karyotypes in patients referred with the symptom of primary amenorrhea for better management and counseling. SETTING AND DESIGN: One hundred and seventy-four cases of primary amenorrhea were referred from the obstetrics and gynecology department to our cytogenetic laboratory for chromosomal analysis. G-banded chromosomes were karyotyped, and chromosomal analysis of all patients was done. RESULTS: Out of 174 patients, we observed 23 (13.22%) participants with abnormal karyotype. In 23 cases of chromosomal abnormalities, 10 cases were sex reversal female (46,XY) and Turner karyotype (45,X) in 6 females. Other numerical and structural abnormalities were also seen such as 47,XXX; 45,X/47,XXX; 45,X/46, X,dic(X); 46,XX, inv (9); 45,X/46,X,i(Xq); 46,X,mar(X); and 45,X/46,XY in the primary amenorrhea cases. CONCLUSION: This study definitely attests the importance of chromosomal analysis in the etiologic diagnosis of primary amenorrhea patients. Karyotyping will help to counsel and manage the cases of primary amenorrhea in a better way. This study reveals the frequencies and different types of chromosomal abnormalities found in primary amenorrhea individuals and that might help to make the national database on primary amenorrhea in relation to chromosomal aberrations.

Molecular Genetic Study to Detect Prevalence of High-risk Human Papilloma Virus Strains (type 16 and 18) in Cervical Lesions and Asymptomatic Healthy Subjects of Rural Central India.

BACKGROUND: Carcinoma cervix of uterus (CaCx) is the most common malignancy affecting women worldwide. It is an established fact that infection of specific types of human papilloma virus (HPV) is essential for the development of cervical cancer. The present study reports the high-risk viruses (HPV 16 and 18) type distribution in rural central India, which has unique climatic condition. To our knowledge, no molecular study on HPV prevalence has been done in this region of rural population, this intended us do such study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sexually active women reporting to the Gynecology were divided in three groups, first being asymptomatic women with normal cervix (52 cases), second group with benign cervical lesion (52 cases), and third group of women with frank cervical malignancy (40 cases). Cervical swabs were collected for HPV DNA sampling. The incidence of HPV positivity was recorded in each group. RESULTS: Fifty-two women with asymptomatic normal cervix showed 44.23% positivity for HPV 16 and 5.76% positivity for HPV 18. Fifty-two women with benign cervical lesion showed 38.46% positivity for HPV 16 and 3.84% positivity for HPV 18. Forty women with frank cervical malignancy were with prevalence of 62.5% for HPV 16 and 22.5% for HPV 18. CONCLUSION: The results of the study are definitely helpful to know the prevalence of HPV in this region of rural population and will enrich the national epidemiological data related to HPV infection in cervical cancer.

Computed Tomographic Estimation of Relationship between Renal Volume and Body Weight of an Individual.

INTRODUCTION: Knowledge of normal range of size and volume of abdominal organs plays a vital role in clinical practices as various medical conditions affects the abdominal organs causing alteration in their dimensions. AIM: The present retrospective study was done to establish the normal range of renal volume in study population and to see the correlation between renal volume and body weight of an individual. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Computed tomographic evaluations of kidneys were performed on 140 kidneys of 70 individuals who had undergone abdominal CT scan for indications other than renal disease. We also excluded the patients diagnosed to have renal cysts, hydronephrosis or other renal diseases on CT examination. Renal length, width and depth were measured. Renal volume of both the kidneys was calculated by formula Kidney Volume (KV) =Л/6 x Renal length (L) x Renal width (W) x Renal depth (D). Various body parameters like age, weight, sex were also recorded in the data sheet. RESULTS: Mean renal volume for the right kidney was 83.26±18.33 cm3 for females (33 females out of 70) and 103.92±23.27 cm3 for males (37 males out of 70). However, mean renal volume for the left kidney was 89.17±19.41 cm3 in females and 106±26.79 cm3 in males. Left renal volume was apparently more than right renal volume, though statistically insignificant. In males, mean kidney volume was found to be 104.96 cm3 whereas in females, it was found to be 86.21 cm3. Kidney volume was found to be significantly greater in males than females among study population (t=3.79, p=0.0001). Renal volume significantly correlated with age and body weight of an individual. CONCLUSION: This study is a sincere attempt to establish a normograms of renal volume in study population. For the clinical assessment of renal pathologies, knowledge of renal volume is a vital parameter. In study group, most significant parameter associated with renal volume is body weight which can be used as an adjunct while evaluating renal pathological conditions. Of all the radiological imaging techniques, abdominal coronal computed tomography scan provides most accurate renal measurements.

Dermatoglyphics and karyotype analysis in primary amenorrhoea.

BACKGROUND: Dermatoglyphics is the scientific study of the skin ridge patterns on the fingers, toes, palms of the hands and soles of feet. Dermatoglyphics is in use as a supportive diagnostic tool in genetic or chromosomal disorders as well as in clinical conditions with genetic etiologies. Primary amenorrhoea and Dermatoglyphics, both have the suspected multifactorial (genetic and environmental) aetiologies. OBJECTIVE: In the present study the finger dermatoglyphic patterns were studied in primary amenorrhoea cases and age matched fertile control females and also attention was given to find out whether a specific dermatoglyphic trait exists in primary amenorrhoea cases and whether it was statistically significant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To study the role of dermatoglyphics in primary amenorrhoea, a study was conducted on 30 subjects with primary amenorrhoea (as cases) and compared it with equal number of age matched fertile females (as controls). We studied fingertip patterns in all the subjects enrolled. Simultaneously we have assessed the Karyotype of primary amenorrhoea cases. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: Two subjects in experimental group have shown abnormal Karyotypes. The most significant finding in present study was increased total finger ridge count (TFRC) in primary amenorrhoea cases which was statistically significant. We also found higher frequency of loops and arches in primary amenorrhoea with abnormal karyotypes. This type of study may be quite useful as a supportive investigation, in stating the predisposition of an individual to primary amenorrhoea and referral of an individual for karyotyping.