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1.
Science ; 326(5949): 137-40, 2009 Oct 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19729620

RESUMO

After the domestication of animals and crops in the Near East some 11,000 years ago, farming had reached much of central Europe by 7500 years before the present. The extent to which these early European farmers were immigrants or descendants of resident hunter-gatherers who had adopted farming has been widely debated. We compared new mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from late European hunter-gatherer skeletons with those from early farmers and from modern Europeans. We find large genetic differences between all three groups that cannot be explained by population continuity alone. Most (82%) of the ancient hunter-gatherers share mtDNA types that are relatively rare in central Europeans today. Together, these analyses provide persuasive evidence that the first farmers were not the descendants of local hunter-gatherers but immigrated into central Europe at the onset of the Neolithic.


Assuntos
Agricultura/história , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , População Branca/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/história , Emigração e Imigração/história , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Variação Genética , Haplótipos , História Antiga , Humanos , Masculino , Dinâmica Populacional , Probabilidade , População Branca/história
2.
Mol Biol Evol ; 24(2): 436-48, 2007 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17099056

RESUMO

More than a third of the European pool of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is fragmented into a number of subclades of haplogroup (hg) H, the most frequent hg throughout western Eurasia. Although there has been considerable recent progress in studying mitochondrial genome variation in Europe at the complete sequence resolution, little data of comparable resolution is so far available for regions like the Caucasus and the Near and Middle East-areas where most of European genetic lineages, including hg H, have likely emerged. This gap in our knowledge causes a serious hindrance for progress in understanding the demographic prehistory of Europe and western Eurasia in general. Here we describe the phylogeography of hg H in the populations of the Near East and the Caucasus. We have analyzed 545 samples of hg H at high resolution, including 15 novel complete mtDNA sequences. As in Europe, most of the present-day Near Eastern-Caucasus area variants of hg H started to expand after the last glacial maximum (LGM) and presumably before the Holocene. Yet importantly, several hg H subclades in Near East and Southern Caucasus region coalesce to the pre-LGM period. Furthermore, irrespective of their common origin, significant differences between the distribution of hg H sub-hgs in Europe and in the Near East and South Caucasus imply limited post-LGM maternal gene flow between these regions. In a contrast, the North Caucasus mitochondrial gene pool has received an influx of hg H variants, arriving from the Ponto-Caspian/East European area.


Assuntos
Povo Asiático/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Haplótipos , Filogenia , População Branca/genética , Ásia Ocidental , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Genes Mitocondriais , Genética Populacional , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular
3.
Ann Hum Genet ; 70(Pt 4): 439-58, 2006 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16759178

RESUMO

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation was investigated in a sample of 299 Latvians, a Baltic-speaking population from Eastern Europe. Sequencing of the first hypervariable segment (HVS-I) in combination with analysis of informative coding region markers revealed that the vast majority of observed mtDNAs belong to haplogroups (hgs) common to most European populations. Analysis of the spatial distribution of mtDNA haplotypes found in Latvians, as well as in Baltic-speaking populations in general, revealed that they share haplotypes with all neighbouring populations irrespective of their linguistic affiliation. Hence, the results of our mtDNA analysis show that the previously described sharp difference between the Y-chromosomal hg N3 distribution in the paternally inherited gene pool of Baltic-speaking populations and of other European Indo-European speakers does not have a corresponding maternal counterpart.


Assuntos
DNA Mitocondrial , Variação Genética , Idioma , Filogenia , População Branca/genética , Países Bálticos , Cromossomos Humanos Y/genética , Regiões Determinantes de Complementaridade/genética , Feminino , Ligação Genética , Genética Populacional , Haplótipos , Humanos , Letônia , Masculino , Fases de Leitura Aberta/genética
4.
Mol Biol (Mosk) ; 36(6): 990-1001, 2002.
Artigo em Russo | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12500536

RESUMO

The mtDNA polymorphism was analyzed in eight ethnic groups (N = 979) of the Volga-Ural region. Most mtDNA variants belonged to haplogroups H, U, T, J, W, I, R, and N1 characteristic of West Eurasian populations. The most frequent were haplogroups H (12-42%) and U (18-44%). East Eurasian mtDNA types (A, B, Y, F, M, N9) were also observed. Genetic diversity was higher in Turkic than in Finno-Ugric populations. The frequency of mtDNA types characteristic of Siberian and Central Asian populations substantially increased in the ethnic groups living closer to the Urals, a boundary between Europe and Asia. Geographic distances, rather than linguistic barriers, were assumed to play the major role in distribution of mtDNA types in the Volga-Ural region. Thus, as concerns the maternal lineage, the Finno-Ugric populations of the region proved to be more similar to their Turkic neighbors rather than to linguistically related Balto-Finnish ethnic groups.


Assuntos
Povo Asiático/genética , DNA Mitocondrial , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Haplótipos , Adulto , Bashkiria/etnologia , Estônia/etnologia , Humanos , Linguística , Filogenia , Federação Russa/etnologia
5.
Am J Hum Genet ; 69(4): 844-52, 2001 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11517423

RESUMO

Mitochondrial HVS-I sequences from 10,365 subjects belonging to 56 populations/geographical regions of western Eurasia and northern Africa were first surveyed for the presence of the T-->C transition at nucleotide position 16298, a mutation which has previously been shown to characterize haplogroup V mtDNAs. All mtDNAs with this mutation were then screened for a number of diagnostic RFLP sites, revealing two major subsets of mtDNAs. One is haplogroup V proper, and the other has been termed "pre*V," since it predates V phylogenetically. The rather uncommon pre*V tends to be scattered throughout Europe (and northwestern Africa), whereas V attains two peaks of frequency: one situated in southwestern Europe and one in the Saami of northern Scandinavia. Geographical distributions and ages support the scenario that pre*V originated in Europe before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), whereas the more recently derived haplogroup V arose in a southwestern European refugium soon after the LGM. The arrival of V in eastern/central Europe, however, occurred much later, possibly with (post-)Neolithic contacts. The distribution of haplogroup V mtDNAs in modern European populations would thus, at least in part, reflect the pattern of postglacial human recolonization from that refugium, affecting even the Saami. Overall, the present study shows that the dissection of mtDNA variation into small and well-defined evolutionary units is an essential step in the identification of spatial frequency patterns. Mass screening of a few markers identified using complete mtDNA sequences promises to be an efficient strategy for inferring features of human prehistory.


Assuntos
Clima Frio , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Emigração e Imigração , Frequência do Gene/genética , Gelo , Filogenia , África do Norte , Ásia Ocidental , Europa (Continente) , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Testes Genéticos , Haplótipos/genética , Humanos , Mutação/genética , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Tamanho da Amostra , Fatores de Tempo
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