Diferencias en los estilos de aprendizaje desde la escuela primaria hasta el posgrado en medicina / Learning styles preferences from elementary school to medical postgraduate

Objetivos: Describir los estilos de aprendizaje de estudiantes de medicina al ingreso y en el posgrado inmediato, de acuerdo con las modalidades preferidas para usar la información, y comparar estos resultados con los estilos de alumnos de la escuela primaria, a fin de hallar diferencias generacionales. Sujetos y métodos: Se administró el cuestionario VARK a 73 alumnos de séptimo grado de una escuela primaria, 113 estudiantes de primer año de medicina y 141 residentes. Se realizó un análisis exploratorio para determinar conjuntos con características afines (análisis de conglomerados). El conteo y suma de los resultados de cada individuo representó el estilo preponderante de cada grupo, definiéndose como dominante cuando se elegía en más del 50% de las respuestas. Resultados: Los estilos preponderantes en los tres grupos fueron cinestésico (27,5%) y bimodal (37,3%), mientras que el lectoescritor creció desde la escuela primaria hasta el posgrado (1,4% a 10,7%; p = 0.037), con una tendencia de la caída del estilo auditivo desde la primaria hasta la universidad y posgrado (19,2% a 12,2%; p = 0.269). Para el estilo bimodal, la combinación preponderante fue auditivo-cinestésica, que disminuyó desde la primaria hasta el posgrado (65% a 31%; p = 0,002). Conclusiones: El análisis de correspondencia mostró que los alumnos de la escuela primaria preferían el estilo auditivo, los universitarios se acercaban al cinestésico y los de posgrado tenían una preferencia intermedia entre el visual y el lectoescritor. Este último perfil creció significativamente desde la escuela primaria hasta el posgrado, con una tendencia inversa del estilo auditivo y del bimodal auditivo-cinestésico entre los mismos grupos

Aims: To describe learning styles observed in first-year medical students and in postgraduates, regarding sensory preferences to use information, and to compare the results with the learning styles of last-year elementary school pupils, in order to find out generational differences. Subjects and methods:The VARK questionnaire was administered to 73 last-year elementary school pupils, 113 first-year medical students and 141 residents of cardiology (postgraduate). The questionnaire consists of 16 questions and each answer was associated to a particular learning style, corresponding to visual, aural, reading/writing or kinaesthetic. Results: Most common styles were kinaesthetic (27.5%) and bimodal (37.3%) in the three groups, with some differences in reading/writing profile that increased from elementary school up to postgraduate (1.4% to 10.7%; p = 0.037), and a slight tendency to decrease aural style from that educational level to the university and the postgraduate (19.2% to 12.2%; p = 0.269). Within bimodal styles, the most common combination was aural-kinaesthetic, that decreased from the elementary school to the postgraduate (65% to 31%; p = 0.002). Conclusions: Correspondence analysis showed last-year elementary school pupils preferred aural style, medical students were nearer to kinaesthetic mode, and postgraduates had an intermediate preference between visual and reading/writing styles. The last profile significantly increased from elementary school to postgraduate, with an inverse tendency of aural and aural-kinaesthetic bimodal styles among the two same levels

Measurement of empathy among Argentine cardiologists: Psychometrics and differences by age, gender, and subspecialty.

BACKGROUND: Cardiologists are involved in the management of patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors and chronic heart diseases, so empathy is a necessary feature to deal with them. The aim of the study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE) among Argentine cardiologists and to explore the potential differences by age, gender, and subspecialty. METHODS: Between August and September 2012, we performed a survey in a non-randomized sample of 566 Spanish-speaking cardiologists of Argentina. A Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was used to explore the link between observed variables and latent variables in order to identify the factor structure. The PCA criteria for identifying the factor structure were examined with the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) analysis. RESULTS: The KMO measure of sampling adequacy was 0.86 and Bartlett's test of sphericity was highly significant (p = 0.000), determining the suitability of the data set for factor analysis. The PCA of 20 items yielded a three factor model that accounted for 40.6% of the variance. The JSPE mean rank score for women was 307.9 vs. 275.0 for men (p = 0.017). The comparison of mean rank score according to age (quartiles) showed a significant relation between older age and empathy. No difference was found when the mean rank scores were compared by respondent subspecialty. CONCLUSIONS: JSPE provides a valid and reliable scale to measure Argentine cardiologists' attitudes towards empathy. Female cardiologists seem to be more empathic than their male colleagues, and a positive relationship between age and empathy was found.

Survey on Ethical Conduct Thresholds in Cardiologal Medical Practice in Argentina.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the attitude of a group of cardiologists on the ethical conducts they would accept or adopt when encountered with different hypothetical situations of medical practice. Between August and September of 2011, 700 Argentine cardiologists were surveyed in situations which posed ethical dilemmas in the patient-physician relationship, among colleagues or involving financial agreements with employers or the pharmaceutical industry. Ethical conflicts were evidenced in a series of inappropriate conducts such as differential fees, trips and meals sponsored by laboratories, splitting fees, overbilling, self-referral, charging for patient referral, financial compensation for ordering medical procedures, and various situations derived from the relationship with employers. In general, financial compensation from the pharmaceutical industry was more accepted than the conflictive situations which directly involved patients, colleagues or employers. The rejection of these conducts, the physicians' deontological education and the improvement of financial and organizational conditions in medical practice will help to encourage better medical professionalism and avoid unseemly behaviors.