Maternal lipids are associated with newborn adiposity, independent of GDM status, obesity and insulin resistance: a prospective observational cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between maternal lipaemia and neonatal anthropometrics in Malaysian mother-offspring pairs. DESIGN: Prospective observational cohort study. SETTING: Single tertiary multidisciplinary antenatal clinic in Malaysia. POPULATION: A total of 507 mothers: 145 with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM); 94 who were obese with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (pre-gravid body mass index, BMI ≥ 27.5 kg/m2 ), and 268 who were not obese with NGT. METHODS: Maternal demographic, anthropometric, and clinical data were collected during an interview/examination using a structured questionnaire. Blood was drawn for insulin, C-peptide, triglyceride (Tg), and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) during the 75-g 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) screening, and again at 36 weeks of gestation. At birth, neonatal anthropometrics were assessed and data such as gestational weight gain (GWG) were extracted from the records. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Macrosomia, large-for-gestational-age (LGA) status, cohort-specific birthweight (BW), neonatal fat mass (NFM), and sum of skinfold thickness (SSFT) > 90th centile. RESULTS: Fasting Tg > 95th centile (3.6 mmol/L) at screening for OGTT was independently associated with LGA (adjusted odds ratio, aOR 10.82, 95% CI 1.26-93.37) after adjustment for maternal glucose, pre-gravid BMI, and insulin sensitivity. Fasting glucose was independently associated with a birthweight ratio (BWR) of >90th centile (aOR 2.06, 95% CI 1.17-3.64), but not with LGA status, in this well-treated GDM cohort with pre-delivery HbA1c of 5.27%. In all, 45% of mothers had a pre-gravid BMI of <23 kg/m2 and 61% had a pre-gravid BMI of ≤ 25 kg/m2 , yet a GWG of >10 kg was associated with a 4.25-fold risk (95% CI 1.71-10.53) of BWR > 90th centile. CONCLUSION: Maternal lipaemia and GWG at a low threshold (>10 kg) adversely impact neonatal adiposity in Asian offspring, independent of glucose, insulin resistance and pre-gravid BMI. These may therefore be important modifiable metabolic targets in pregnancy. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Maternal lipids are associated with adiposity in Asian babies independently of pre-gravid BMI, GDM status, and insulin resistance.

Hypopituitarism in a Dengue Shock Syndrome Survivor without known Pituitary Adenoma

Dengue infection is endemic in South East Asia and parts of the Americas. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is characterized by vascular permeability, coagulation-disorders and thrombocytopenia, which can culminate in hypotension i.e. dengue shock syndrome. Hypopituitarism arising as a complication of dengue is extremely rare. Hemorrhagic pituitary apoplexy of pre-existing pituitary adenomas has been rarely reported in dengue. We describe an uncommon case of hypopituitarism in a dengue shock syndrome survivor without known pituitary adenoma. A 49 years old nulliparous lady (from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) presented with typical symptoms of hypocortisolism. Postural hypotension was evident with normal secondary sexual characteristics. Further history revealed that she survived an episode of dengue shock syndrome 6 years ago where premature menopause developed immediately after discharge, and subsequently insidious onset of multiple hormonal deficiencies indicative of panhypopituitarism. There were no neuro-ophthalmological symptoms suggestive of pituitary apoplexy during hospitalization for severe dengue. Magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary 6 years later revealed an empty sella. Autoimmune screen and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies were negative. We describe a rare possible causative association of severe dengue with panhypopituitarism without known pituitary adenoma, postulating pituitary infarction secondary to hypotension (mimicking Sheehan’s syndrome), or a direct viral cytopathic effect. Subclinical pituitary apoplexy secondary to asymptomatic pituitary hemorrhage however cannot be excluded. Future research is required to determine the need for and timing of pituitary axis assessment among dengue shock syndrome survivors.

Metabolic syndrome amongst patients with psoriasis in a tertiary dermatology centre, Malaysia

Background: Psoriasis has been shown to be associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Objective: To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients with psoriasis and study the association between psoriasis and cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: This was a hospital based case-control study conducted at the Dermatology Clinic, University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) from May 2010 to March 2011. A total of 131 adult patients with psoriasis and 129 age-, gender- and race-matched controls were recruited. All subjects answered a standardised cardiovascular risks questionnaire and had anthropometric measurements recorded. Laboratory investigations included fasting glucose / lipid profile, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), c-reactive protein (CRP), urine microalbumin:creatinine ratio and an electrocardiogram. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was made using the harmonised criteria for metabolic syndrome in South East Asians. Statistical analysis was performed using statistical processing software (SPSS-17). Results: Metabolic syndrome was significantly higher among patients with psoriasis (64.9% versus 51.9%) (p = 0.034). The presence of metabolic syndrome was associated with low high density lipoprotein (HDL) (p=0.002) and high triglyceride (TG) levels (p = 0.014). The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was also significantly higher among patients with psoriasis (46.6% versus 27.1%) (p = 0.001). Hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, smoking and obesity were not significantly higher among patients with psoriasis. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate an association between psoriasis and metabolic syndrome which was primarily due to diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia.

Oncogenic osteomalacia, you say? better start looking then - a case report

Tumour-induced or oncogenic osteomalacia (OOM) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by bone pain and muscle weakness. A biochemical profile consisting of normocalcaemia, hypophosphataemia, phosphaturia, increased serum alkaline phosphatase and inappropriately low serum levels of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin-D is diagnostic. OOM is usually caused by an osseous or soft-tissue tumour of mesenchymal origin that secretes phosphaturic substances leading to increased urinary phosphate wasting. These tumours are small and slow growing. The diagnosis continues to be easily missed and when eventually made, localization of the tumour can be difficult. We describe the case of a young man who presented with severe generalized pain associated with muscle weakness. He was extensively investigated and eventually diagnosed to have OOM 3 years after initial presentation. Specialized investigations were necessary to localize the offending tumour.

Carbimazole-induced aplastic anaemia - a case report

Antithyroid drugs have been used for more than 50 years for the management of hyperthyroidism. Most patients tolerate treatment well, but some may develop rare life threatening side effects such as agranulocytosis and aplastic anaemia. Clinical experience with the latter condition is extremely limited. We report on a case of carbimazole-induced aplastic anaemia caused by hypocellular bone marrow and associated plasmacytosis in a thyrotoxic patient chronically treated with carbimazole. This resolved after substitution with propylthiouracil. The clinical course was complicated by neutropaenic septicaemia and atrial fibrillation.