Psychological and behavioural characteristics of females with anorexia nervosa in Singapore.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare a sample of females with anorexia nervosa in Singapore with international clinical and population samples from published data in terms of endorsement of risk factors related to anorexia nervosa, severity of eating pathology and levels of psychosocial impairment and to explore the nature of the relationships between the anorexia nervosa risk factors and adherence to Asian cultural values. METHOD: Data from the Eating Disorder Inventory-3 (EDI-3), the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), the Perceived Sociocultural Pressure Scale (PSPS), the Ideal Body Stereotype Scale (IBSS), the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), the Clinical Impairment Assessment Questionnaire, and the Asian American Values Scale-Multidimensional (AAVS-M) were collected from 41 female patients (13-31 years old) who presented for treatment of anorexia nervosa at the Singapore General Hospital. RESULTS: The profile and presentation of anorexia nervosa in Singapore was comparable to that observed in the Western clinical samples in terms of levels of endorsement of the risk factors for anorexia nervosa. No protective benefit of orientation to Asian culture was found. CONCLUSION: The observed pattern of general similarity of presentation between Western data and Singaporean data, together with the finding that no protective benefit of orientation to Asian culture was observed, suggests that it may be appropriate to directly apply evidence-based Western models of intervention to the treatment of anorexia nervosa in Singapore.

Efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy for patients with chronic pain in Singapore.

BACKGROUND: The use of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) techniques to manage chronic pain is relatively new and understudied in Singapore. Using data collected from group CBT programmes carried out at the Singapore General Hospital (SGH), we seek to explore the efficacy of the programme on pain intensity, self-efficacy, attitudes towards pain, and emotional factors. We also examined the efficacy of the longer 6- to 9-day group programme versus an abridged 2-day version called the Pacing Programme covering only some aspects of the full group programme. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-nine adult patients underwent the intensive 6- to 9-day group programme while another 10 patients underwent the abridged 2-day group programme. The more extensive group programme encompassed teaching patients cognitive-behavioural methods of coping with pain, such as setting goals, pacing, cognitive restructuring by thinking in more positively, distraction, problem solving, sleep hygiene, communication skills, ability to cope with changes, and relaxation techniques. The abridged programme focused mainly on developing pacing skills. Patients were required to fill out questionnaires at the beginning of the programme, end of the programme, and at the 1-month and 6-month follow-ups to monitor progress. RESULTS: Preliminary results for the intensive 6- to 9-day group programme indicate decrease in pain and pain distress levels, improvements in management of pain, increased confidence to carry out activities despite pain, increased positive self-statements and decreased negative self-statements, decrease in fear of harm and pathophysiological beliefs, as well as decreases in the levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. The abridged 2-day programme yielded little change in pain and pain distress levels, but a slight increase in confidence to carry out activities despite pain. CONCLUSION: These preliminary results provide some evidence supporting the efficacy of CBT techniques in chronic pain management and contribute to the growing body of evidence for the effectiveness of psychological and behavioural techniques in the management of chronic pain.