RESUMO
In order to meet the growing demand for the electronics market, many new materials have been studied to replace traditional electrode materials for energy storage systems. Molybdenum oxide materials are electrode materials with higher theoretical capacity than graphene, which was originally used as anode electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. In subsequent studies, they have a wider application in the field of energy storage, such as being used as cathodes or anodes for other ion batteries (sodium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, etc.), and electrode materials for supercapacitors. However, molybdenum oxide materials have serious volume expansion concerns and irreversible capacity dropping during the cycles. To solve these problems, doping with different elements has become a suitable option, being an effective method that can change the crystal structure of the materials and improve the performances. Therefore, there are many research studies on metal element doping or non-metal doping molybdenum oxides. This paper summarizes the recent research on the application of hetero-element-doped molybdenum oxides in the field of energy storage, and it also provides some brief analysis and insights.
RESUMO
The ternary composite electrodes, nitrogen-doped graphene foam/carbon nanotube/manganese dioxide (NGF/CNT/MnO2), have been successfully fabricated via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and facile hydrothermal method. The morphologies of the MnO2 nanoflakes presented the loading-dependent characteristics and the nanoflake thickness could also be tuned by MnO2 mass loading in the fabrication process. The correlation between their morphology and electrochemical performance was systematically investigated by controlling MnO2 mass loading in the ternary composite electrodes. The electrochemical properties of the flexible ternary electrode (MnO2 mass loading of 70%) exhibited a high areal capacitance of 3.03F/cm2 and a high specific capacitance of 284F/g at the scan rate of 2mV/s. Moreover, it was interesting to find that the capacitance of the NGF/CNT/MnO2 composite electrodes showed a 51.6% increase after 15,000 cycles. The gradual increase in specific capacitance was due to the formation of defective regions in the MnO2 nanostructures during the electrochemical cycles of the electrodes, which further resulted in increased porosity, surface area, and consequently increased electrochemical capacity. This work demonstrates a rarely reported conclusion about loading-dependent characteristics for the NGF/CNT/MnO2 ternary composite electrodes. It will bring new perspectives on designing novel ternary or multi-structure for various energy storage applications.
