Bone disease during chronic antiepileptic drug therapy: general versus specific risk factors.

An increasing number of studies suggest a direct effect of antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy on bone health: Patients on chronic AED therapy may have an increased risk of fractures, reduced bone mineral density, osteopenia, and osteoporosis. In an attempt to distinguish general and specific risk factors, this review examines the available empirical research. The pathophysiology is discussed and guidelines for early detection and treatment options are proposed.