In Vitro Effects of Tartary Buckwheat-Derived Nanovesicles on Gut Microbiota.

Evidence suggests that plant-derived nanovesicles may play a significant role in human health. Tartary buckwheat has several physiological activities; however, its underlying health-promoting mechanism remains unclear. In this study, first, Tartary buckwheat-derived nanovesicles (TBDNs) were collected, their structures were analyzed, and microRNA sequencing was performed. Next, target prediction and functional verification were conducted. Finally, the effects of TBDNs on gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid levels were evaluated. The average size of TBDNs was 141.8 nm diameter. Through the sequencing analyses, 129 microRNAs, including 11 novel microRNAs were identified. Target gene prediction showed that some microRNAs could target functional genes in Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus rhamnosus-related physiological processes. TBDNs significantly promoted the growth of E. coli and L. rhamnosus, enhanced the diversity of fecal microorganisms and increased the short-chain fatty acid levels. These findings provided a new nutritional perspective for Tartary buckwheat and were conducive to promote the development and utilization of Tartary buckwheat.

Integrating transcriptome and physiological analyses to elucidate the molecular responses of buckwheat to graphene oxide.

With the increasing application of nanomaterials, evaluation of the phytotoxicity of nanoparticles has attracted considerable interest. Buckwheat is an economically pseudocereal crop, which is a potential model for investigating the response of plants to hazardous materials. In this study, the response of buckwheat to graphene oxide (GO) was investigated by integrating physiological and transcriptome analysis. GO can penetrate into buckwheat root and stem, and high concentrations of GO inhibited seedlings growth. High concentration of GO improved ROS production and regulated the activities and gene expression of oxidative enzymes, which implying GO may affect plant growth via regulating ROS detoxification. Root and stem exhibit distinct transcriptomic responses to GO, and the GO-responsive genes in stem are more enriched in cell cycle and epigenetic regulation. GO inhibited plant hormone biosynthesis and signaling by analyzing the expression data. Additionally, 97 small secreted peptides (SSPs) encoding genes were found to be involved in GO response. The gene expression of 111 transcription factor (TFs) and 43 receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) were regulated by GO, and their expression showed high correlation with SSPs. Finally, the TFs-SSPs-RLKs signaling networks in regulating GO response were proposed. This study provides insights into the molecular responses of plants to GO.

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Dioszegia changbaiensis (Tremellales: Bulleribasidiaceae) with phylogenetic implications.

In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Dioszegia changbaiensis we sequenced and assembled by the next-generation sequencing. The complete mitochondrial genome of Dioszegia changbaiensis contained 22 protein-coding genes (PCG), two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. The total length of the Dioszegia changbaiensis mitochondrial genome is 34,853 bp, and the GC content of the mitochondrial genome is 41.88%. Phylogenetic analysis based on a combined mitochondrial gene dataset indicated that the mitochondrial genome of Dioszegia changbaiensis exhibited a close relationship with that of Hannaella oryzae.

Quinoa sprouts as potential vegetable source: Nutrient composition and functional contents of different quinoa sprout varieties.

Quinoa has a long history of cultivation and unique nutritional value. Quinoa sprouts can be eaten as leafy vegetables, but their nutritional quality is unknown. Ten quinoa sprout varieties (lines) were evaluated and compared for nutrient and functional composition. All quinoa sprout varieties had high contents of moisture content, reducing sugar, potassium, magnesium, and vitamin C. All varieties contained all essential amino acids, with leucine present in abundance. They had high contents of phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids (ß-carotene and lycopene) as well as chlorophylls a and b. Overall, var. LL-01 had better nutrient and phytochemical composition than other varieties. The potential nutritionalhealth benefits of quinoa sprouts as a vegetable are important for both traditional and contemporary diets.

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Sterigmatomyces hyphaenes (Agaricostilbales: Agaricostilbaceae) and implications for its phylogeny.

In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Sterigmatomyces hyphaenes was sequenced by the next-generation sequencing. The complete mitochondrial genome of S. hyphaenes contained 17 protein-coding genes (PCG), 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 23 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. The total size of the S. hyphaenes mitochondrial genome is 26,198 bp, and the GC content of the mitochondrial genome is 42.08%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the combined mitochondrial gene dataset indicated that the mitochondrial genome of S. hyphaenes exhibited a close relationship with that of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa.

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Meira sp. (Exobasidiales: Brachybasidiaceae) with phylogenetic analysis.

In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Meira sp. was sequenced and assembled. The complete mitochondrial genome of Meira sp. has 15 protein-coding (PCG) genes, 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. The mitochondrial genome of Meira sp. has a total size of 23,353 bp, with the base composition as follows: A (30.62%), T (32.82%), G (17.84%) and C (18.73%). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the mitogenome of Meira sp. exhibited a close relationship with the mitogenome of Jaminaea angkorensis.

Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of Clavulina sp. (Cantharellales: Clavulinaceae).

In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Clavulina sp. was sequenced and assembled. The complete mitochondrial genome of Clavulina sp. contains 20 protein-coding (PCG) genes, 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 25 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. The total size of the Clavulina sp. complete mitochondrial genome is 31,816 bp, with the GC content of 27.72%. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the mitochondrial genome of Clavulina sp. exhibited a close relationship with that of the genus Cantharellus.

Characterization of the transcriptional profiles in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) under PEG-mediated drought stress

BACKGROUND: Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) is an important staple food crop in southwest China, where drought stress is one of the largest limiting factors that lead to decreased crop production. To reveal the molecular mechanism of common buckwheat in response to drought stress, we performed a comprehensive transcriptomics study to evaluate gene expression profiles of common buckwheat during PEG-mediated drought treatment. RESULTS: In total, 45 million clean reads were assembled into 53,404 unigenes with an average length of 749 bp and N50 length of 1296 bp. A total of 1329 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by comparing wellwatered and drought-treated plants, out of which 666 were upregulated and 663 were downregulated. Furthermore, we defined the functional characteristics of DEGs using GO and KEGG classifications. GO enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were significantly overrepresented in four categories, namely, "oxidoreductase activity," "oxidation­reduction process," "xyloglucan:xyloglucosyl transferase activity," and "apoplast." Using KEGG pathway analysis, a large number of annotated genes were overrepresented in terms such as "plant hormone signal transduction," "phenylpropanoid biosynthesis," "photosynthesis," and "carbon metabolism." Conclusions: These results can be further exploited to investigate the molecular mechanism of common buckwheat in response to drought treatment and could supply with valuable molecular sources for abiotic-tolerant elite breeding programs in the future.

Monoterpene glycosides from Paeonia veitchii.

The EtOH extract of the roots of Paeonia veitchii afforded two new monoterpene glycosides paeonidanin I (1) and paeonidanin J (2), and a new dimeric monoterpene glycoside paeonidanin K (3). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic means and hydrolysis products.