RESUMO
Background: Several methods have been described to measure external rotation of the tibial tuberosity; all use femoral landmarks. Purpose: To develop reproducible tibial-based methods to measure external rotation of the tibial tuberosity in patients with patellar instability. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Included were magnetic resonance images of 61 patients with patellar instability and 61 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Three novel methods using tibial landmarks to measure the rotation of the tibial tuberosity (plateau axis-tuberosity axis [PA-TA] angle, tibial geometric center-tuberosity axis [GC-TA] angle, and plateau axis-midtuberosity point [PA-MT] angle) as well as a femoral-based rotational measurement (surgical transepicondylar axis-tuberosity axis [sTEA-TA] angle) and the tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance were measured and compared in instability patients and controls using unpaired t tests, and the cutoff values for predicting instability were calculated using receiver operating characteristic curves. The correlations between the angle measurements and the TT-TG distance were analyzed. Results: Instability patients had significantly higher external rotation of the tibial tuberosity compared with controls with regard to the PA-TA angle (18.2° ± 9.6° versus 13.1° ± 6.8°; P = .001), GC-TA angle (8.4° ± 4.5° versus 11.5° ± 3.9°; P = .0001) and sTEA-TA angle (122° ± 8.5° versus 113.6° ± 6.3°; P = .0001). The mean TT-TG distance was also significantly higher in the instability group (18.2 ± 5.4 versus 11.5 ± 2.7 mm; P = .001). The cutoff values were 17.5° (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] = 0.66) for PA-TA angle, 8.5° (AUC = 0.705) for GC-TA angle, 118.8° (AUC = 0.79) for sTEA-TA angle, and 15.2 mm for TT-TG distance (AUC = 0.863). PA-TA angle was significantly correlated with all other measurements (r = 0.35-0.71; P ≤ .006 for all), whereas sTEA-TA angle had the strongest correlation with TT-TG distance (r = 0.78; P = .001). Conclusion: The tibial tuberosity was externally rotated in patellar instability patients compared with age- and sex-matched controls, and this intrinsic malalignment of the proximal tibia was demonstrated in the tibial-based measurements.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: We analyzed the efficacy of transforaminal epidural steroid injections under computed tomography (CT) in relieving lumbosacral radicular pain due to spinal stenosis. METHODS: Forty-two patients (7 males, 35 females; mean age 67 years; range 34 to 90 years) with lumbosacral radicular pain due to spinal stenosis were prospectively monitored following transforaminal epidural steroid injections under computed tomography. Injections were repeated twice in two patients (4.8%) and three times in one patient (2.4%). The severity of pain was assessed with the use of a visual analog scale (VAS) before and after injections (1st day, 1st week, 3rd week, 6th month, and the last follow-up). The mean follow-up period was 12.1 months (range 6 to 25 months). RESULTS: The median VAS score before injections was 9 (range 6 to 10). During the first six months, the median VAS scores were always significantly lower than the preinjection score (p<0.005). The mean VAS score of 23 patients with a follow-up of at least a year was still significantly lower than that obtained at the end of six months (2.26 vs 2.52, p<0.005). No procedure-related complications occurred. CONCLUSION: Selective transforaminal epidural steroid and analgesic injection under CT guidance is a safe and reliable conservative method to relieve lumbosacral radicular pain due to spinal stenosis.
