Anion-Mediated In Situ Reconstruction of the Bi2MoO6 Precatalyst for Enhanced Electrochemical CO2 Reduction over a Wide Potential Window.

Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR) is a viable approach to achieve carbon neutrality. Bismuth-based electrocatalysts demonstrate exceptional selectivity in CO2-to-formate conversion, but their reconstruction mechanisms during the eCO2RR remain elusive. Herein, the reconstruction processes of bismuth molybdate (Bi2MoO6) nanoplates are elucidated during the eCO2RR. Operando and ex situ measurements reveal the in situ partial reduction of Bi2MoO6 to Bi metal, forming Bi@Bi2MoO6 at negative potentials. Meanwhile, CO32- ions in the electrolyte spontaneously exchange with MoO42- in Bi2MoO6. The obtained Bi@Bi2MoO6/Bi2O2CO3 delivers a formate Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 95.2% at -1.0 V. Notably, high formate FEs (>90%) are maintained within a wide 500 mV window. Although computational calculations indicate a higher energy barrier for *OCHO formation on Bi2O2CO3, the prevention of excessive reduction to metal Bi significantly enhances long-term stability. Furthermore, the CO32- ion exchange process occurs in various 2D Bi-containing precatalysts, which should be emphasized in further studies.

Efficacy and safety of low accelerating dose regimen of interferon/ribavirin antiviral therapy in patients with hepatitis C virus recurrence after liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Achievement of sustained virological response (SVR) is the main goal of interferon/ribavirin (IFN/RBV) antiviral therapy in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) recurrence after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). In this study, we have retrospectively evaluated the efficacy and safety of low accelerating dose regimen (LADR) of IFN/RBV in patients with HCV recurrence after OLT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-one patients with HCV recurrent after OLT who were treated with LADR of antiviral therapy were analyzed in our study. Data of virological response (including rapid, early, end of treatment and sustained virological responses, designated as RVR, EVR, ETVR, and SVR, respectively) and liver histological change were collected. RESULTS: All patients received tacrolimus (TAC) and/or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) for immunosuppression. Seven patients (23%), 6 patients (19%), and 18 patients (58%) finished complete treatment (CT), complete duration (CD), and incomplete treatment (IT), respectively. Twenty-four patients (77%) achieved ETVR. Among them, 8 patients (33%) achieved SVR, while 16 (67%) patients relapsed within 24 weeks after the end of the treatment. Univariate analysis showed that pretreatment viral load (p=0.002) as well as treatment dose and duration (p<0.001) were positively associated with SVR. Flu-like side effects were observed in all patients and 17 (54.8%) discontinued treatment due to adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: SVR achievement and tolerability to LADR of IFN/RBV therapy in our study are moderate in patients with HCV recurrence after liver transplantation. Pretreatment viral load and treatment dose and duration are positively related to SVR.

[The clinical analysis of orthotopic liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical outcome and complications of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC). METHODS: Clinical data of 25 patients with PBC who underwent OLT were analyzed retrospectively. The postoperative cumulative survival rate of the patients was calculated. The postoperative recurrence of PBC, de novo diseases and other complications were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 25 patients were recruited including 22 females and 3 males. The average age was 49.1 years (range from 40 to 64 years). The score of model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) was 21.80±5.49, and the Mayo score 8.01±1.38. Four patients died after liver transplantation. The 1-year, 2-year and 7-year patient cumulative survival rates were 92.0%, 87.8% and 75.3%, respectively. Eight cases (32.0%) developed recurrent PBC based on histological evidence. The median time to recurrence was 17.5 months. One of the eight patients with recurrent PBC was diagnosed with de novo auto-immune hepatitis (AIH) simultaneously, who eventually died. Acute rejection and de novo hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection developed in thirteen (52.0%) patients and five (20.0%) patients, respectively. Two cases (8.0%) of de novo AIH were diagnosed, one of which was fatal. CONCLUSIONS: OLT is an effective procedure for end-stage PBC. Much attention needs to be paid to the post-transplantation complications, including recurrence of primary disease, combined de novo HBV infection, de novo AIH, etc.