Pyrethroid pesticide residues in the global environment: An overview.

Pyrethroids are synthetic organic insecticides with low mammalian toxicity that are widely used in both rural and urban areas worldwide. After entering the natural environment, pyrethroids circulate among the three phases of solid, liquid, and gas and enter organisms through food chains, resulting in substantial health risks. This review summarized the available studies on pyrethroid residues since 1986 in different media at the global scale and indicated that pyrethroids have been widely detected in a range of environments (including soils, water, sediments, and indoors) and in organisms. The concentrations and detection rates of agricultural pyrethroids, which always contain α-cyanogroup (α-CN), such as cypermethrin and fenvalerate, decline in the order of crops > sediments > soils > water. Urban pyrethroids (not contain α-CN), such as permethrin, have been detected at high levels in the indoor environment, and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, a common pyrethroid metabolite in human urine, is frequently detected in the human body. Pyrethroid pesticides accumulate in sediments, which are a source of pyrethroid residues in aquatic products.

[Experimental study of the therapeutic effect and mechanism of "Shenxian Fuyuan capsule" on chronic renal failure in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To study the therapeutic effect and mechanism of "Shenxian Fuyuan Capsule" (SXFYC) on chronic renal failure in rats with 5/6 nephrectomy. METHODS: The animal model with chronic renal failure was established by using the method of 5/6 nephrectomy. The animals were randomly divided into four groups: SXFYC treatment group, losartan treatment group, control group and pseudo-operation group (normal group). Since the next day after operations, the rats in the SXFYC treatment group and the losartan treatment group had been intragastrically administrated with SXFYC 300 mg/kg x d and losartan 150 mg/kg x d respectively. The rats in the normal group and control group were fed with sodium chloride twice a day. Four, eight and twelve weeks later, histological and biochemical tests were undertaken to examine changes of the remnant kidney such as alpha-SMA, collagen I, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and proteinuria. The connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) mRNA was detected by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: Both SXFYC and losartan ameliorated the histological change of remnant kidney, decreased the level of CTGF mRNA, serum creatinine and proteinuria (P<0.01). There were no significant differences between the SXFYC and losartan treatment groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: "Shenxian Fuyuan Capsule" can improve the renal function of the 5/6 nephrectomized rats. It performs as well as losartan. "Shenxian Fuyuan Capsule" might have played an important role in preventing CTGF-mediated renal fibrosis in the 5/6 nephrectomized rats.