Sialylation status in placentas from anti-Ro/SSA- and anti-La/SSB-positive pregnant women.

Women affected by different autoimmune diseases and displaying positivity for anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB autoantibodies are at high risk of adverse pregnancies in which placental dysfunction seems to play a determinant role. Sialylation is known to have important implications in the maintenance of the normal morpho-functional features of the placenta. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate possible changes in the distribution and content of sialic acids (Sias) with different glycosidic linkages (i.e., α2,3 and α2,6 Galactose- or N-acetyl-Galactosamine-linked Sias, and polysialic acid) in placentas from anti-Ro/SSA- and anti-La/SSB-positive pregnant women with autoimmune diseases by using lectin histochemistry and polysialic acid immunohistochemistry. Our findings revealed lower levels of α2,3-linked Sias in the trophoblast and basement membrane and/or basal plasma membrane of the pathological cases respect to control placentas. Some vessels of the pathological cases displayed α2,3-linked Sias. α2,6-linked Sias positivity was detected in the trophoblast and in some vessels of the pathological cases, while in control samples it was present only in the vessels. Lower levels of polysialic acid were observed in the trophoblast of pathological cases compared to controls. Collectively, our findings suggest that multiple changes in the sialylation status of placenta might affect placental morpho-functional features in anti-Ro/SSA- and anti-La/SSB-positive pregnancies.

Label-free three-dimensional imaging and quantitative analysis of living fibroblasts and myofibroblasts by holotomographic microscopy.

Holotomography (HT) is a cutting-edge fast live-cell quantitative label-free imaging technique. Based on the principle of quantitative phase imaging, it combines holography and tomography to record a three-dimensional map of the refractive index, used as intrinsic optical and quantitative imaging contrast parameter of biological samples, at a sub-micrometer spatial resolution. In this study HT has been employed for the first time to analyze the changes of fibroblasts differentiating towards myofibroblasts - recognized as the main cell player of fibrosis - when cultured in vitro with the pro-fibrotic factor, namely transforming growth factor-ß1. In parallel, F-actin, vinculin, α-smooth muscle actin, phospho-myosin light chain 2, type-1 collagen, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α expression and mitochondria were evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Plasmamembrane passive properties and transient receptor potential canonical channels' currents were also recorded by whole-cell patch-clamp. The fluorescence images and electrophysiological results have been compared to the data obtained by HT and their congruence has been discussed. HT turned out to be a valid approach to morphologically distinguish fibroblasts from well differentiated myofibroblasts while obtaining objective measures concerning volume, surface area, projection area, surface index and dry mass (i.e., the mass of the non-aqueous content inside the cell including proteins and subcellular organelles) of the entire cell, nuclei and nucleoli with the major advantage to monitor outer and inner features in living cells in a non-invasive, rapid and label-free approach. HT might open up new research opportunities in the field of fibrotic diseases. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Holotomography (HT) is a label-free laser interferometric imaging technology exploiting the intrinsic optical property of cells namely refractive index (RI) to enable a direct imaging and analysis of whole cells or intracellular organelles. HT turned out a valid approach to distinguish morphological features of living unlabeled fibroblasts from differentiated myofibroblasts. HT provided quantitative information concerning volume, surface area, projection area, surface index and dry mass of the entire fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, nuclei and nucleoli.

Blockade of Sialylation with Decrease in Polysialic Acid Levels Counteracts Transforming Growth Factor ß1-Induced Skin Fibroblast-to-Myofibroblast Transition.

Aberrant sialylation with overexpression of the homopolymeric glycan polysialic acid (polySia) was recently reported in fibroblasts from fibrotic skin lesions. Yet, whether such a rise in polySia levels or sialylation in general may be functionally implicated in profibrotic activation of fibroblasts and their transition to myofibroblasts remains unknown. Therefore, we herein explored whether inhibition of sialylation could interfere with the process of skin fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition induced by the master profibrotic mediator transforming growth factor ß1 (TGFß1). Adult human skin fibroblasts were pretreated with the competitive pan-sialyltransferase inhibitor 3-Fax-peracetyl-Neu5Ac (3-Fax) before stimulation with recombinant human TGFß1, and then analyzed for polySia expression, cell viability, proliferation, migratory ability, and acquisition of myofibroblast-like morphofunctional features. Skin fibroblast stimulation with TGFß1 resulted in overexpression of polySia, which was effectively blunted by 3-Fax pre-administration. Pretreatment with 3-Fax efficiently lessened TGFß1-induced skin fibroblast proliferation, migration, changes in cell morphology, and phenotypic and functional differentiation into myofibroblasts, as testified by a significant reduction in FAP, ACTA2, COL1A1, COL1A2, and FN1 gene expression, and α-smooth muscle actin, N-cadherin, COL1A1, and FN-EDA protein levels, as well as a reduced contractile capability. Moreover, skin fibroblasts pre-administered with 3-Fax displayed a significant decrease in Smad3-dependent canonical TGFß1 signaling. Collectively, our in vitro findings demonstrate for the first time that aberrant sialylation with increased polySia levels has a functional role in skin fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition and suggest that competitive sialyltransferase inhibition might offer new therapeutic opportunities against skin fibrosis.

Sialylation status and its relationship with morphofunctional changes in human adult testis during sexually mature life and aging: A narrative review.

Sialic acids (Sias) are a family of electronegatively charged nine-carbon monosaccharides containing a carboxylic acid, mostly found as terminal residues in glycans of glycoproteins and glycolipids. They are bound to galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine via α2,3 or α2,6 linkage, or to other Sias especially via α2,8 linkage, which results in monomeric, oligomeric, and polymeric forms. Sias play determinant roles in a multitude of biological processes in human tissues from development to adult life until aging. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge on the sialylation status in the human testis with a main focus on sexually mature life and aging, when this organ shows significant morphofunctional changes resulting into variations of hormonal levels, as well as changes in molecules involved in mitochondrial function, receptors, and signaling proteins. Evidence suggests that Sias may have crucial morphofunctional roles in the different testicular components during the sexually mature age. With advancing age, significant loss of Sias and/or changes in sialylation status occur in all the testicular components, which seems to contribute to morphofunctional changes characteristic of the aging testis. Based on the current knowledge, further in-depth investigations will be necessary to better understand the mechanistic role of Sias in the biological processes of human testicular tissue and the significance of their changes during the aging process. Future investigations might also contribute to the development of novel prophylactic and/or therapeutic approaches that, by maintaining/restoring the correct sialylation status, could help in slowing down the testis aging process, thus preserving the testicular structure and functionality and preventing age-related pathologies.

HIF-1α/MMP-9 Axis Is Required in the Early Phases of Skeletal Myoblast Differentiation under Normoxia Condition In Vitro.

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α represents an oxygen-sensitive subunit of HIF transcriptional factor, which is usually degraded in normoxia and stabilized in hypoxia to regulate several target gene expressions. Nevertheless, in the skeletal muscle satellite stem cells (SCs), an oxygen level-independent regulation of HIF-1α has been observed. Although HIF-1α has been highlighted as a SC function regulator, its spatio-temporal expression and role during myogenic progression remain controversial. Herein, using biomolecular, biochemical, morphological and electrophysiological analyses, we analyzed HIF-1α expression, localization and role in differentiating murine C2C12 myoblasts and SCs under normoxia. In addition, we evaluated the role of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 as an HIF-1α effector, considering that MMP-9 is involved in myogenesis and is an HIF-1α target in different cell types. HIF-1α expression increased after 24/48 h of differentiating culture and tended to decline after 72 h/5 days. Committed and proliferating mononuclear myoblasts exhibited nuclear HIF-1α expression. Differently, the more differentiated elongated and parallel-aligned cells, which are likely ready to fuse with each other, show a mainly cytoplasmic localization of the factor. Multinucleated myotubes displayed both nuclear and cytoplasmic HIF-1α expression. The MMP-9 and MyoD (myogenic activation marker) expression synchronized with that of HIF-1α, increasing after 24 h of differentiation. By means of silencing HIF-1α and MMP-9 by short-interfering RNA and MMP-9 pharmacological inhibition, this study unraveled MMP-9's role as an HIF-1α downstream effector and the fact that the HIF-1α/MMP-9 axis is essential in morpho-functional cell myogenic commitment.

Development of accessible platforms to promote myofibroblast differentiation by playing on hydrogel scaffold composition.

Mechanomimetic materials are particularly attractive for modeling in vitro fibroblast to myofibroblast (Myof) transition, a key process in the physiological repair of damaged tissue, and recognized as the core cellular mechanism of pathological fibrosis in different organs. In vivo, mechanical stimuli from the extracellular matrix (ECM) are crucial, together with cell-cell contacts and the pro-fibrotic transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1, in promoting fibroblast differentiation. Here, we explore the impact of hydrogels made by polyacrylamide with different composition on fibroblast behavior. By appropriate modulation of the hydrogel composition (e.g. adjusting the crosslinker content), we produce and fully characterize three kinds of scaffolds with different Young modulus (E). We observe that soft hydrogels (E < 1 kPa) induced fibroblast differentiation better than stiffer ones, also in the absence of TGF-ß1. This study provides a readily accessible biomaterial platform to promote Myof generation. The easy approach used and the commercial availability of the monomers make these hydrogels suitable to a wide range of biomedical applications combined with high reproducibility and simple preparation protocols.

Adiponectin Modulates Smooth Muscle Cell Morpho-Functional Properties in Murine Gastric Fundus via Sphingosine Kinase 2 Activation.

Adipokines are peptide hormones produced by the adipose tissue involved in several biological functions. Among adipokines, adiponectin (ADPN) has antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties. It can also modulate food intake at central and peripheral levels, acting on hypothalamus and facilitating gastric relaxation. ADPN exerts its action interacting with two distinct membrane receptors and triggering some well-defined signaling cascades. The ceramidase activity of ADPN receptor has been reported in many tissues: it converts ceramide into sphingosine. In turn, sphingosine kinase (SK) phosphorylates it into sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P), a crucial mediator of many cellular processes including contractility. Using a multidisciplinary approach that combined biochemical, electrophysiological and morphological investigations, we explored for the first time the possible role of S1P metabolism in mediating ADPN effects on the murine gastric fundus muscle layer. By using a specific pharmacological inhibitor of SK2, we showed that ADPN affects smooth muscle cell membrane properties and contractile machinery via SK2 activation in gastric fundus, adding a piece of knowledge to the action mechanisms of this hormone. These findings help to identify ADPN and its receptors as new therapeutic targets or as possible prognostic markers for diseases with altered energy balance and for pathologies with fat mass content alterations.

Sialylation status in placentas from pregnancies with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

INTRODUCTION: Recent investigations suggest the potential negative impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on pregnant women and pregnancy outcome. In addition, some studies have described pathological changes in the placental tissue of SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers, which are related or not to the infection severity and/or infection trimester. Among the various molecules involved in the normal structure and functionality of the placenta, sialic acids (Sias) seem to play an important role. Hence, we aimed to investigate possible changes in the distribution and content of Sias with different glycosidic linkages, namely α2,3 and α2,6 Galactose- or N-acetyl-Galactosamine-linked Sias and polymeric Sia (PolySia), in placentas from pregnant women infected by SARS-CoV-2 during the three different pregnancy trimesters. METHODS: α2,3 and α2,6 Galactose-linked Sias were evaluated by lectin histochemistry (Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA) and Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA), respectively), while immunohistochemistry was used for PolySia detection. RESULTS: Data showed lower levels of α2,3 Galactose-linked Sias in the trophoblast and underlying basement membrane/basal plasma membrane in placentas from women infected during the second and third infection trimester compared with uninfected cases and those infected during first trimester. On the other hand, higher levels of PolySia were detected in the trophoblast during the second and third infection trimester. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that changes in the sialylation status of trophoblast and its basement membrane/basal plasma membrane, together with other concomitant factors, could be at the basis of the most common placental histopathological alterations and gestational complications found especially in pregnancies with SARS-CoV-2 infection during the second and third trimester.

Defining the Molecular Mechanisms of the Relaxant Action of Adiponectin on Murine Gastric Fundus Smooth Muscle: Potential Translational Perspectives on Eating Disorder Management.

Adiponectin (ADPN), a hormone produced by adipose tissue, facilitates gastric relaxation and can be a satiety signal in the network connecting peripheral organs and the central nervous system for feeding behavior control. Here, we performed preclinical research by morpho-functional analyses on murine gastric fundus smooth muscle to add insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning ADPN action. Moreover, we conducted a clinical study to evaluate the potential use of ADPN as a biomarker for eating disorders (ED) based on the demonstrated gastric alterations and hormone level fluctuations that are often associated with ED. The clinical study recruited patients with ED and healthy controls who underwent blood draws for ADPN dosage and psychopathology evaluation tests. The findings of this basic research support the ADPN relaxant action, as indicated by the smooth muscle cell membrane pro-relaxant effects, with mild modifications of contractile apparatus and slight inhibitory effects on gap junctions. All of these actions engaged the ADPN/nitric oxide/guanylate cyclase pathway. The clinical data failed to unravel a correlation between ADPN levels and the considered ED, thus negating the potential use of ADPN as a valid biomarker for ED management for the moment. Nevertheless, this adipokine can modulate physiological eating behavior, and its effects deserve further investigation.

Correlation between Sialylation Status and Cell Susceptibility to Amyloid Toxicity.

The interaction between the cell membrane and misfolded protein species plays a crucial role in the development of neurodegeneration. This study was designed to clarify the relationship between plasma membrane composition in terms of the differently linked sialic acid (Sia) content and cell susceptibility to toxic and misfolded Aß-42 peptides. The sialylation status in different cell lines was investigated by lectin histochemistry and confocal immunofluorescence and then correlated with the different propensities to bind amyloid fibrils and with the relative cell susceptibility to amyloid damage. This study reveals that expressions of Sias α2,3 and α2,6 linked to galactose/N-acetyl-galactosamine, and PolySia are positively correlated with Aß-42-induced cell toxicity. PolySia shows an early strong interaction with amyloid fibrils, favoring their binding to GM1 ganglioside containing α2,3 galactose-linked Sia and a loss of cell viability. Our findings demonstrate that cell lines with a prevailing plastic neuron-like phenotype and high monoSia and PolySia contents are highly susceptible to amyloid Aß-42 toxicity. This toxicity may involve a change in neuron metabolism and promote a compensative/protective increase in PolySia, which, in turn, could favor amyloid binding to GM1, thus exacerbating cell dysmetabolism and further amyloid aggregation.

Platelet-rich plasma affects gap junctional features in myofibroblasts in vitro via vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A/VEGF receptor.

NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? It is a challenge to discover effective therapies for fibrosis. Increasing evidence supports the antifibrotic potential of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as a source of bioactive molecules, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A. However, the effects and mechanisms of action of PRP need to be clarified. What is the main finding and its importance? This report clarifies the mechanisms mediating the antifibrotic action of PRP, strengthening the role of VEGF-A/VEGF receptor, and identifies gap junction currents and connexin 43 as novel targets of this pathway in the fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition induced by the transforming growth factor-ß1. ABSTRACT: Despite increasing experimental evidence, the antifibrotic potential of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) remains controversial, and its mechanisms of action are not fully clarified. This short report extends our previous research on the capability of PRP to prevent the in vitro differentiation of fibroblasts toward myofibroblasts, the key effectors of fibrosis, induced by the profibrotic agent transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1). In particular, we focused on the involvement of signalling mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A/VEGF receptor (VEGFR) in the PRP-induced fibroblast response, highlighting gap junction features. Electrophysiological and morphological analyses revealed that PRP hindered morphofunctional differentiation of both murine NIH/3T3 and human primary adult skin fibroblasts toward myofibroblasts as judged by the analysis of membrane phenomena, α-smooth muscle actin and vinculin expression and cell morphology. Neutralization of VEGF-A by blocking antibodies or pharmacological inhibition of VEGFR by KRN633 in TGF-ß1-treated fibroblasts prevented the PRP-promoted effects, such as the reduction of voltage-dependent transjunctional currents in cell pairs and a decreased expression of connexin 43, the typical connexin isoform forming voltage-dependent connexons. The role of VEGF-A in inhibiting these events was confirmed by treating TGF-ß1-stimulated fibroblasts with soluble VEGF-A. The results obtained when cells were differentiated using KRN633 alone suggest an antagonistic cross-talk between TGF-ß1 and VEGFR. In conclusion, this study identifies, for the first time, gap junction currents as crucial targets in the VEGF-A/VEGFR-mediated antifibrotic pathway and provides new insights into mechanisms behind the action of PRP in preventing differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts.

Overview of sialylation status in human nervous and skeletal muscle tissues during aging.

Sialic acids (Sias) are a large and heterogeneous family of electronegatively charged nine-carbon monosaccharides containing a carboxylic acid and are mostly found as terminal residues in glycans of glycoproteins and glycolipids such as gangliosides. They are linked to galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine via α2,3 or α2,6 linkage, or to other Sias via α2,8 or more rarely α2,9 linkage, resulting in mono, oligo and polymeric forms. Given their characteristics, Sias play a crucial role in a multitude of human tissue biological processes in physiological and pathological conditions, ranging from development and growth to adult life until aging. Here, we review the sialylation status in human adult life focusing on the nervous and skeletal muscle tissues, which both display significant structural and functional changes during aging, strongly impacting on the whole human body and, therefore, on the quality of life. In particular, this review highlights the fundamental roles played by different types of glycoconjugates Sias in several cellular biological processes in the nervous and skeletal muscle tissues during adult life, also discussing how changes in Sia content during aging may contribute to the physiological decline of physical and nervous functions and to the development of age-related degenerative pathologies. Based on our current knowledge, further in-depth investigations could help to develop novel prophylactic strategies and therapeutic approaches that, by maintaining and/or restoring the correct sialylation status in the nervous and skeletal muscle tissues, could contribute to aging slowing and the prevention of age-related pathologies.

Bone Marrow-Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Secretome as Conditioned Medium Relieves Experimental Skeletal Muscle Damage Induced by Ex Vivo Eccentric Contraction.

Bone marrow-mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) may offer promise for skeletal muscle repair/regeneration. Growing evidence suggests that the mechanisms underpinning the beneficial effects of such cells in muscle tissue reside in their ability to secrete bioactive molecules (secretome) with multiple actions. Hence, we examined the effects of MSC secretome as conditioned medium (MSC-CM) on ex vivo murine extensor digitorum longus muscle injured by forced eccentric contraction (EC). By combining morphological (light and confocal laser scanning microscopies) and electrophysiological analyses we demonstrated the capability of MSC-CM to attenuate EC-induced tissue structural damages and sarcolemnic functional properties' modifications. MSC-CM was effective in protecting myofibers from apoptosis, as suggested by a reduced expression of pro-apoptotic markers, cytochrome c and activated caspase-3, along with an increase in the expression of pro-survival AKT factor. Notably, MSC-CM also reduced the EC-induced tissue redistribution and extension of telocytes/CD34+ stromal cells, distinctive cells proposed to play a "nursing" role for the muscle resident myogenic satellite cells (SCs), regarded as the main players of regeneration. Moreover, it affected SC functionality likely contributing to replenishment of the SC reservoir. This study provides the necessary groundwork for further investigation of the effects of MSC secretome in the setting of skeletal muscle injury and regenerative medicine.

Co-expression of the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in healthy human conjunctiva.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in an immortalized human conjunctival epithelial cell line and in healthy human conjunctiva excised during ocular surgery, using Western blot, confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry. The Western blot showed that ACE2 and TMPRSS2 proteins were expressed in human immortalized conjunctival cells, and this was confirmed by confocal microscopy images, that demonstrated a marked cellular expression of the viral receptors and their co-localization on the cell membranes. Healthy conjunctival samples from 11 adult patients were excised during retinal detachment surgery. We found the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in all the conjunctival surgical specimens analyzed and their co-localization in the superficial conjunctival epithelium. The ACE2 Western blot levels and immunofluorescence staining for ACE2 were variable among specimens. These results suggest the susceptibility of the conjunctival epithelium to SARS-CoV-2 infection, even though with a possible interindividual variability.

Streptomycin sulphate loaded solid lipid nanoparticles show enhanced uptake in macrophage, lower MIC in Mycobacterium and improved oral bioavailability.

Present study addresses the challenge of incorporating hydrophilic streptomycin sulphate (STRS; log P -6.4) with high dose (1 g/day) into a lipid matrix of SLNs. Cold high-pressure homogenization technique used for SLN preparation achieved 30% drug loading and 51.17 ± 0.95% entrapment efficiency. Polyethylene glycol 600 as a supporting-surfactant assigned small size (218.1 ± 15.46 nm) and mucus-penetrating property. It was conceived to administer STRS-SLNs orally rather than intramuscularly. STRS-SLNs remained stable on incubation for varying times in SGF or SIF. STRS-SLNs were extensively characterised for microscopic (TEM and AFM), thermal (DSC), diffraction (XRD) and spectroscopic (NMR and FTIR) properties and showed zero-order controlled release. Enhanced (60 times) intracellular uptake was observed in THP-1 and Pgp expressing LoVo and DLD-1 cell lines, using fluorescein-SLNs. Presence of SLNs in LoVo cells was also revealed by TEM studies. STRS-SLNs showed 3 times reduction in MIC against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV (256182) in comparison to free STRS. It also showed better activity against both M. bovis BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV (272994) in comparison to free STRS. Cytotoxicity and acute toxicity studies (OECD 425 guidelines) confirmed in vitro and in vivo safety of STRS-SLNs. Single-dose oral pharmacokinetic studies in rat plasma using validated LCMS/MS technique or the microbioassay showed significant oral absorption and bioavailability (160% - 710% increase than free drug).

Platelet-Rich Plasma Modulates Gap Junction Functionality and Connexin 43 and 26 Expression During TGF-ß1-Induced Fibroblast to Myofibroblast Transition: Clues for Counteracting Fibrosis.

Skeletal muscle repair/regeneration may benefit by Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) treatment owing to PRP pro-myogenic and anti-fibrotic effects. However, PRP anti-fibrotic action remains controversial. Here, we extended our previous researches on the inhibitory effects of PRP on in vitro transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1-induced differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, the effector cells of fibrosis, focusing on gap junction (GJ) intercellular communication. The myofibroblastic phenotype was evaluated by cell shape analysis, confocal fluorescence microscopy and Western blotting analyses of α-smooth muscle actin and type-1 collagen expression, and electrophysiological recordings of resting membrane potential, resistance, and capacitance. PRP negatively regulated myofibroblast differentiation by modifying all the assessed parameters. Notably, myofibroblast pairs showed an increase of voltage-dependent GJ functionality paralleled by connexin (Cx) 43 expression increase. TGF-ß1-treated cells, when exposed to a GJ blocker, or silenced for Cx43 expression, failed to differentiate towards myofibroblasts. Although a minority, myofibroblast pairs also showed not-voltage-dependent GJ currents and coherently Cx26 expression. PRP abolished the TGF-ß1-induced voltage-dependent GJ current appearance while preventing Cx43 increase and promoting Cx26 expression. This study adds insights into molecular and functional mechanisms regulating fibroblast-myofibroblast transition and supports the anti-fibrotic potential of PRP, demonstrating the ability of this product to hamper myofibroblast generation targeting GJs.

Characterization and distribution of sialic acids in human testicular seminoma.

Aberrant content of sialic acids (Sias) has been observed in various human cancer types in different organs. Sias have been implicated in cancerous transformation, invasiveness and metastasis, and in the escaping of cancer cells from immune surveillance. Indeed, Sias are commonly regarded as important biomarkers to distinguish cancer cells from their healthy counterparts. However, scarce and not exhaustive investigations have been performed on Sia content in testicular cancers and, in particular, in seminoma, one of the most common malignant testicular tumors. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the content and distribution of Sias with different glycosidic linkage, namely α2,3 and α2,6 galactose- or N-acetyl-galactosamine-linked Sias and polymeric Sia (polySia), in the germinal and stromal components of human testes affected by seminoma compared to normal testicular tissue. Structural changes in seminoma tissue were examined using hematoxylin-eosin staining. α2,3 and α2,6 linked Sias were evaluated by lectin histochemistry (Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA) and Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA)), while confocal immunofluorescence was used for polySia detection. Histopathological findings in seminoma tissue included loss of seminiferous tubules replaced by clusters of uniform polygonal cells with a clear cytoplasm, bundles of fibrotic tissue, numerous microvessels and some atrophic tubules. The content of α2,3 and α2,6 linked Sias was lost in almost all seminoma components respect to normal tissue, with the exception of microvessels in which it was higher. On the contrary, polySia level was increased in all the seminoma components compared to normal testicular tissue. Our findings suggest that an aberrant content of different Sias might have important and differential roles in seminoma development and progression. In particular, polySia might be implicated in seminoma progression by promoting cancer invasiveness and regulating the cross-talk between cancer cells, reactive stroma and vessels. Thus, the possibility that polySia might represent an important biomarker for seminoma deserves further investigation.

Morphological evidence for telocytes as stromal cells supporting satellite cell activation in eccentric contraction-induced skeletal muscle injury.

Although telocytes (TCs) have been proposed to play a "nursing" role in resident satellite cell (SC)-mediated skeletal muscle regeneration, currently there is no evidence of TC-SC morpho-functional interaction following tissue injury. Hence, we explored the presence of TCs and their relationship with SCs in an ex vivo model of eccentric contraction (EC)-induced muscle damage. EC-injured muscles showed structural/ultrastructural alterations and changes in electrophysiological sarcolemnic properties. TCs were identified in control and EC-injured muscles by either confocal immunofluorescence (i.e. CD34+CD31- TCs) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In EC-injured muscles, an extended interstitial network of CD34+ TCs/telopodes was detected around activated SCs displaying Pax7+ and MyoD+ nuclei. TEM revealed that TCs invaded the SC niche passing with their telopodes through a fragmented basal lamina and contacting the underlying activated SCs. TC-SC interaction after injury was confirmed in vitro by culturing single endomysial sheath-covered myofibers and sprouting TCs and SCs. EC-damaged muscle-derived TCs showed increased expression of the recognized pro-myogenic vascular endothelial growth factor-A, and SCs from the same samples exhibited increased MyoD expression and greater tendency to fuse into myotubes. Here, we provide the essential groundwork for further investigation of TC-SC interactions in the setting of skeletal muscle injury and regenerative medicine.

Influence of Platelet-Rich and Platelet-Poor Plasma on Endogenous Mechanisms of Skeletal Muscle Repair/Regeneration.

The morpho-functional recovery of injured skeletal muscle still represents an unmet need. None of the therapeutic options so far adopted have proved to be resolutive. A current scientific challenge remains the identification of effective strategies improving the endogenous skeletal muscle regenerative program. Indeed, skeletal muscle tissue possesses an intrinsic remarkable regenerative capacity in response to injury, mainly thanks to the activity of a population of resident muscle progenitors called satellite cells, largely influenced by the dynamic interplay established with different molecular and cellular components of the surrounding niche/microenvironment. Other myogenic non-satellite cells, residing within muscle or recruited via circulation may contribute to post-natal muscle regeneration. Unfortunately, in the case of extended damage the tissue repair may become aberrant, giving rise to a maladaptive fibrotic scar or adipose tissue infiltration, mainly due to dysregulated activity of different muscle interstitial cells. In this context, plasma preparations, including Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) and more recently Platelet-Poor Plasma (PPP), have shown advantages and promising therapeutic perspectives. This review focuses on the contribution of these blood-derived products on repair/regeneration of damaged skeletal muscle, paying particular attention to the potential cellular targets and molecular mechanisms through which these products may exert their beneficial effects.

Platelet-Rich Plasma Prevents In Vitro Transforming Growth Factor-ß1-Induced Fibroblast to Myofibroblast Transition: Involvement of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-A/VEGF Receptor-1-Mediated Signaling †.

The antifibrotic potential of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is controversial. This study examined the effects of PRP on in vitro transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1-induced differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, the main drivers of fibrosis, and the involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A in mediating PRP-induced responses. The impact of PRP alone on fibroblast differentiation was also assessed. Myofibroblastic phenotype was evaluated by confocal fluorescence microscopy and western blotting analyses of α-smooth muscle actin (sma) and type-1 collagen expression, vinculin-rich focal adhesion clustering, and stress fiber assembly. Notch-1, connexin 43, and VEGF-A expression were also analyzed by RT-PCR. PRP negatively regulated fibroblast-myofibroblast transition via VEGF-A/VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-1-mediated inhibition of TGF-ß1/Smad3 signaling. Indeed TGF-ß1/PRP co-treated fibroblasts showed a robust attenuation of the myofibroblastic phenotype concomitant with a decrease of Smad3 expression levels. The VEGFR-1 inhibition by KRN633 or blocking antibodies, or VEGF-A neutralization in these cells prevented the PRP-promoted effects. Moreover PRP abrogated the TGF-ß1-induced reduction of VEGF-A and VEGFR-1 cell expression. The role of VEGF-A signaling in counteracting myofibroblast generation was confirmed by cell treatment with soluble VEGF-A. PRP as single treatment did not induce fibroblast myodifferentiation. This study provides new insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning PRP antifibrotic action.