Recreational training improves cardiovascular adaptations, metabolic profile and mental health of elderly women with type-2 diabetes mellitus.

We investigated the effects of a recreational training (RET) protocol in elderly women with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We hypothesized that non-conventional physical activities of RET protocol might improve clinical outcomes regarding cardiovascular function, metabolic profile and mental health as participants keep the adherence to the protocol during the 3-month follow-up. Cardiovascular parameters (heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure), circulating biomarkers (glucose and lipids) and salivary cortisol were attenuated in response to exercise. RET also reduced anxiety and depression indexes. RET protocol constitutes a potential therapeutic approach for managing T2DM in elderly women.

Effects of nandrolone and resistance training on the blood pressure, cardiac electrophysiology, and expression of atrial ß-adrenergic receptors.

AIMS: This study was performed to assess isolated and combined effects of nandrolone and resistance training on the blood pressure, cardiac electrophysiology, and expression of the ß1- and ß2-adrenergic receptors in the heart of rats. MAIN METHODS: Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups and submitted to a 6-week treatment with nandrolone and/or resistance training. Cardiac hypertrophy was accessed by the ratio of heart weight to the final body weight. Blood pressure was determined by a computerized tail-cuff system. Electrocardiography analyses were performed. Western blotting was used to access the protein levels of the ß1- and ß2-adrenergic receptors in the right atrium and left ventricle. KEY FINDINGS: Both resistance training and nandrolone induced cardiac hypertrophy. Nandrolone increased systolic blood pressure depending on the treatment time. Resistance training decreased systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure, as well as induced resting bradycardia. Nandrolone prolonged the QTc interval for both trained and non-trained groups when they were compared to their respective vehicle-treated one. Nandrolone increased the expression of ß1- and ß2-adrenergic receptors in the right atrium for both trained and non-trained groups when they were compared to their respective vehicle-treated one. SIGNIFICANCE: This study indicated that nandrolone, associated or not with resistance training increases blood pressure depending on the treatment time, induces prolongation of the QTc interval, and increases the expression of ß1- and ß2-adrenergic receptors in the cardiac right atrium, but not in the left ventricle.

Nandrolone and resistance training induce heart remodeling: role of fetal genes and implications for cardiac pathophysiology.

AIMS: This study was conducted to assess the isolated and combined effects of nandrolone and resistance training on cardiac morphology, function, and mRNA expression of pathological cardiac hypertrophy markers. MAIN METHODS: Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups and submitted to 6 weeks of treatment with nandrolone and/or resistance training. Cardiac parameters were determined by echocardiography. Heart was analyzed for collagen infiltration. Real-time RT-PCR was used to assess the pathological cardiac hypertrophy markers. KEY FINDINGS: Both resistance training and nandrolone induced cardiac hypertrophy. Nandrolone increased the cardiac collagen content, and reduced the cardiac index in non-trained and trained groups, when compared with the respective vehicle-treated groups. Nandrolone reduced the ratio of maximum early to late transmitral flow velocity in non-trained and trained groups, when compared with the respective vehicle-treated groups. Nandrolone reduced the alpha-myosin heavy chain gene expression in both non-trained and trained groups, when compared with the respective vehicle-treated groups. Training reduced the beta-myosin heavy chain gene expression in the groups treated with vehicle and nandrolone. Only the association between training and nandrolone increased the expression of the skeletal alpha-actin gene and atrial natriuretic peptide in the left ventricle. SIGNIFICANCE: This study indicated that nandrolone, whether associated with resistance training or not, induces cardiac hypertrophy, which is associated with enhanced collagen content, re-expression of fetal genes the in left ventricle, and impaired diastolic and systolic function.

[Nandrolone administration does not promote hypertrophy of soleus muscle in rats]. / A administração de nandrolona não promove hipertrofia do músculo sóleo em ratos.

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are compounds formed from testosterone or one of its derivatives, which are largely used by amateur e professional athletes to improve the athletic performance. However, the scientific information about the relation between the use of AAS and muscle hypertrophy is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of testosterone and physical training on muscle hypertrophy. Male Wistar rats received i.m. injections of Deca-Durabolin or vehicle during 6 weeks. Trained rats were submitted to a resistance physical training, by jumping up and down in water carrying an overload. Sedentary and trained animals were anesthetized and sacrificed. Soleus muscle was removed for the quantification of total protein and DNA concentration. In the end of the treatment, body weight of trained animals treated with vehicle or AAS was lower than the body weight of respective sedentary. Total protein concentration and the ratio muscle weight/body weight of all experimental groups were not altered. Trained group treated with AAS presented lower DNA concentration than trained group treated with vehicle. The administration of nandrolone decanoate did not promote hypertrophy on soleus muscle, not even when the use of AAS was associated to resistance physical training.

A administração de nandrolona não promove hipertrofia do músculo sóleo em ratos / Nandrolone administration does not promote hypertrophy of soleus muscle in rats

Os esteróides anabólicos androgênicos (EAA) são compostos formados a partir da testosterona ou um de seus derivados, sendo amplamente utilizados por desportistas amadores e profissionais com o objetivo de melhorar a performance atlética. Entretanto, a literatura a respeito da relação entre EAA e hipertrofia muscular é controversa. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da nandrolona e do treinamento físico sobre a hipertrofia muscular. Ratos Wistar machos receberam injeção i.m. de Deca-Durabolin® ou veículo durante 6 semanas. Os animais dos grupos treinados foram submetidos a treinamento físico resistido, através de sessões de saltos em meio líquido. Os animais sedentários e treinados foram sacrificados após anestesia e o músculo sóleo retirado para quantificação de proteínas totais e DNA. Ao final do tratamento, os animais treinados tratados com veículo ou EAA apresentaram menor peso corporal do que os respectivos grupos sedentários. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas na concentração de proteínas totais e na razão peso muscular/peso corporal entre os grupos experimentais. O grupo treinado tratado com EAA apresentou concentração de DNA significativamente menor do que o grupo treinado veículo. A administração de decanoato de nandrolona não promoveu hipertrofia do músculo sóleo, nem mesmo quando associada ao treinamento físico resistido.

Vascular sensitivity to phenylephrine in rats submitted to anaerobic training and nandrolone treatment.

The effect of anaerobic physical training and nandrolone treatment on the sensitivity to phenylephrine in thoracic aorta and lipoprotein plasma levels of rats was studied. Sedentary and trained male Wistar rats were treated with vehicle or nandrolone (5 mg/kg IM; twice per week) for 6 weeks. Training was performed by jumping into water (4 sets, 10 repetitions, 30-second rest, 50% to 70% body weight load, 5 days/week, 6 weeks). Two days after the last training session, the animals were killed and blood samples for lipoprotein dosage were obtained. Thoracic aorta was isolated and concentration-effect curves of phenylephrine were performed in intact endothelium and endothelium-denuded aortic rings in the absence or presence of NG-L-arginine-methyl ester. No changes were observed in endothelium-denuded aortic rings. However, in endothelium-intact thoracic aorta, anaerobic physical training induced subsensitivity to phenylephrine (pD2=7.11+/-0.07) compared with sedentary group (7.55+/-1.74), and this effect was canceled by the inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. No difference was observed between trained (7.22+/-0.07) and sedentary (7.28+/-0.09) groups treated with nandrolone. Anaerobic training induced an increase in high-density lipoprotein levels in vehicle-treated rats, but there were no changes in nandrolone-treated groups. Training associated with nandrolone induced an increase in low-density lipoprotein levels but no change in the other groups. If altering endothelium-dependent vasodilatation is considered to be a beneficial adaptation to anaerobic physical training, it is concluded that nandrolone treatment worsens animals' endothelial function, and this effect may be related to lipoprotein blood levels.

Relação entre a administração de esteróide anabólico androgênico, treinamento físico aeróbio e supercompensação do glicogênio / Relation between anabolic androgenic steroid administration, aerobic physical training and glycogen supercompensation

A supercompensação do glicogênio é uma das adaptações induzidas pelo treinamento físico. Visando potencializar este fenômeno, muitos atletas utilizam doses suprafisiológicas de esteróides anabólicos androgênicos (EAA). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar em ratos os efeitos da nandrolona e do exercício aeróbio sobre o peso corporal, triglicerídeos, glicose e reservas de glicogênio. Ratos Wistar machos foram aleatoriamente divididos em quatro grupos: sedentário + veículo (SV), treinado + veículo (TV), sedentário + EAA (SEAA) e treinado + EAA (TEAA, n = 7-14/grupo). Receberam injeção i.m. de nandrolona ou veículo durante nove semanas e durante o mesmo período os animais treinados foram submetidos a exercício aeróbio. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA bifatorial e Tukey (p < 0,05). Os grupos SEAA, TV e TEAA apresentaram menor peso corporal do que o grupo SV (SEAA: 339 ± 10 = TV: 342 ± 14 = TEAA: 332 ± 6 < SV: 398 ± 9g). O treinamento físico reduziu significativamente a concentração plasmática de triglicerídeos [(TV: 46 ± 4 = TEAA: 44 ± 3) < (SV: 104 ± 1 = SEAA: 101 ± 6mg/dL)] e de glicogênio hepático [(TV: 3,38 ± 0,57 = TEAA: 2,62 ± 0,34) < (SV: 4,95 ± 0,11 = SEAA: 4,43 ± 0,23mg/100mg)] e aumentou a concentração cardíaca de glicogênio [(TV: 0,38 ± 0,04 = TEAA: 0,42 ± 0,03) > (SV: 0,2 ± 0,02 = SEAA: 0,21 ± 0,02mg/100mg)]. A glicemia e as reservas de glicogênio do sóleo permaneceram inalteradas. O uso de doses suprafisiológicas de nandrolona não potencializou nenhum dos efeitos obtidos em resposta ao treinamento aeróbio.

Influence of high-intensity exercise training and anabolic androgenic steroid treatment on rat tissue glycogen content.

To increase tissue glycogen content many athletes use anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). However, the literature concerning the effects of androgens on glycogen metabolism is conflicting. This study aimed to determine the influence of training and AAS on body weight (bw), triglycerides, glucose, tissue glycogen and transaminases levels. Male Wistar rats, randomized into four groups (sedentary vehicle (SV), sedentary AAS (SA), trained vehicle (TV) and trained AAS (TA)), were treated with nadrolone (5 mg/Kg, 2x/week, i.m.) or vehicle. Trained rats performed jumps into water (4 sets, 10 repetitions, 30 sec rest) carrying a 50-70% body wt-load strapped to the chest (5 days/week,6 weeks). Two days after the last session, the animals were killed (bifatorial ANOVA+Tukey test; P < 0.05). Trained animals presented lower bw (TV:345+/-7 vs. SV:380+/-7 and TA:328+/-4 vs SA:370+/-11 g) and triglycerides levels (TV:77+/-3 vs. SV:98+/-4 and TA:79+/-3 vs. SA:98+/-8 mg/dL) and higher glycogen content in liver (TV:5.3+/-0.2 vs. SV:3.9+/-0.1 and TA:5.3+/-0.3 vs. SA:4.6+/-0,2 mg/100 mg) and in gastrocnemious (TV:0.70+/-0.02 vs. SV:0.49+/-0.01 and TA:0.73+/-0.03 vs. SA:0.57+/-0.02 mg/100 mg) than sedentary ones. In the cardiac muscle, the association between training and AAS increased glycogen content (TA:0.19+/-0.01 > SV:0.13+/-0.01=TV:0.13+/-0.01=SA:0.14+/-0.01 mg/100 mg). In the soleus AAS increased glycogen (SA:0.53+/-0.03 vs. SV:0.43+/-0.01 and TA:0.58+/-0.02 vs. TV:0.48+/-0.01 mg/100 mg). Exercise training and AAS had no effect on blood glucose and transaminases levels. Training and AAS effects on glycogen supercompensation are tissue-dependent and the effects of association between them were only observed in the cardiac muscle. These data emphasize the necessity of more studies to confirm greater effects of AAS than those promoted by physical exercise.

Análise do significado do tempo de imobilidade em modelos experimentais de natacão / Analysis of the meaning of the immobility time in swimming experimental models

O objetivo do trabalho foi testar a hipótese de que a interpretação do tempo de imobilidade (desamparo aprendido ou adaptação) pode variar conforme o modelo utilizado (teste da natação forçada ou estresse por natação). Foram analisados o tempo de imobilidade (TI) e a mobilização de glicogênio de ratos submetidos à natação em dois protocolos: estresse por natação (EN) e teste da natação forçada (TNF). Também comparamos os efeitos da desipramina e diazepam. Os experimentos foram filmados para análise do TI. Os ratos, após a sessão de natação, foram sacrificados e amostras do fígado e músculos foram preparadas para quantificação do glicogênio. O TI foi menor no EN comparado ao TNF (pÍ0.001)...

Atrial supersensitivity to noradrenaline in stressed female rats.

Stress can change the responses to catecholamines in many tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the estrous cycle on the sensitivity of right atria to noradrenaline in female rats subjected to acute swimming stress. Female Wistar rats in proestrus, estrus, metestrus or diestrus were submitted to a 50 min-swimming session. Immediately after the exercise, the rats were killed and their right atria were mounted for isometric recording of the spontaneous beating rate. Concentration-effect curves to noradrenaline were obtained before and after the inhibition of neuronal uptake with phenoxybenzamine (10 microM) and of extraneuronal uptake with estradiol (5 microM). Acute swimming stress did not change the right atrial sensitivity to noradrenaline in rats in estrus, metestrus and diestrus. However, swimming stress produced supersensitivity to noradrenaline in proestrus (pD(2) control: 7.14 +/- 0.03 vs. pD(2) swimming: 7.55 +/- 0.04; p<0.05). This supersensitivity was still observed after uptake inhibition. When catecholamine uptake was inhibited, the concentration-effect curve to noradrenaline was shifted to the left 2.5-fold in the proestrus control group and 1.7-fold in the proestrus stress group (p<0.05). In conclusion, the estrous cycle influenced the acute stress-induced atrial supersensitivity to noradrenaline.

Estresse, ciclo reprodutivo e sensibilidade cardíaca às catecolaminas / Stress, reproductive cycle and cardiac sensitivity to cathecolamines

O estresse representa a resposta do organismo a estímulos aversivos ou a situações desconhecidas, cuja finalidade é a adaptação do indivíduo à nova condição. O agente estressante pode ser físico, químico, emocional e social. Diferentes estressores estão presentes no cotidiano dos seres humanos e podem favorecer o desenvolvimento de doenças degenerativas e acelerar o processo de envelhecimento, afetando o funcionamento de todo o organismo. Os principais mediadores da reação de estresse são as catecolaminas (norepinefrina e a epinefrina) liberadas pelo sistema nervoso simpático e pela medula da glândula supra-renal, e os glicocorticóides liberados pelo córtex da supra-renal...

Influência do ciclo estral sobre a sensibilidade da resposta cronotrópica à norepinefrina em ratas submetidas a estresse oxidativo / Influence of estrous cycle on the sensitivity of cronotropic answer to norepinephrine in rats submitted to acute stress

O estresse pode alterar a sensibilidade da resposta cronotrópica às catecolaminas em vários tecidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a sensibilidade à norepinefrina (NE) em átrios direitos de ratas submetidas ao estresse agudo por nataçäo nas fases de estro e proestro. Ratas Wistar em estro ou proestro foram submetidas a um sessäo de 50min de nataçäo, após a qual foram anestesiadas e sacrificadas. Os átrios direitos destes animais e de ratas controle foram isolados para a obtençäo de curvas concentraçäo-efeito à NE antes e após o bloqueio dos sistemas de metabolizaçäo das catecolaminas (fenoxibenzamina + estradiol). Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA ou teste t de Student. Näo houve diferenças...

Relação entre nível de estresse e supersensibilidade à norepinefrina em ratas no proestro / Relationship between the level of stress and supersensitivity to norepinephrine in female rats at proestrus

Nosso objetivo foi estudar a relação entre o nível de estresse avaliado comportamentalmente, e a sensibilidade da resposta cronotrópica à norepinefrina (NE) de ratas submetidas ao estresse por natação. Ratas em estro ou proestro foram submetidas a uma sessão de 50 min. de natação. Foram avaliados o tempo de tentativa de fuga e o tempo de imobilidade durante a natação. Imediatamente após o estresse, ratas estressadas e controles foram sacrificadas e o átrio direito foi isolado para obtenção de curvas concentração-efeito à NE. No proestro, o tempo de tentativa de fuga foi maior do que no estro (p<0,05). O tempo de imobilidade, por outro lado, foi menor no proestro do que no estro (p<0.05)...