RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a mature procedure recommended for correcting knee osteoarthritis deformity, relieving pain, and restoring normal biomechanics. Although TKA is a successful and cost-effective procedure, patient dissatisfaction is as high as 50%. Knee pain after TKA is a significant cause of patient dissatisfaction; the most common location for residual pain is the anterior region. Between 4% and 40% of patients have anterior knee pain (AKP). AIM: To investigate the effect of various TKA procedures on postoperative AKP. METHODS: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane from January 2000 to September 2022. Randomized controlled trials with one intervention in the experimental group and no corresponding intervention (or other interventions) in the control group were collected. Two researchers independently read the title and abstract of the studies, preliminarily screened the articles, and read the full text in detail according to the selection criteria. Conflicts were resolved by consultation with a third researcher. And relevant data from the included studies were extracted and analyzed using Review Manager 5.4 software. RESULTS: There were 25 randomized controlled trials; 13 were comparative studies with or without patellar resurfacing. The meta-analysis showed no significant difference between the experimental and control groups (P = 0.61). Six studies were comparative studies of circumpatellar denervation vs non-denervation, divided into three subgroups for meta-analysis. The two-subgroup meta-analysis showed no significant difference between the experimental and the control groups (P = 0.31, P = 0.50). One subgroup meta-analysis showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups (P = 0.001). Two studies compared fixed-bearing TKA and mobile-bearing TKA; the results meta-analysis showed no significant difference between the experimental and control groups (P = 0.630). Two studies compared lateral retinacular release vs non-release; the meta-analysis showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups (P = 0.002); two other studies compared other factors. CONCLUSION: Patellar resurfacing, mobile-bearing TKA, and fixed-bearing TKA do not reduce the incidence of AKP. Lateral retinacular release can reduce AKP; however, whether circumpatellar denervation can reduce AKP is controversial.
RESUMO
Research and analysis of attacks on dynamic graph is beneficial for information systems to investigate vulnerabilities and strength abilities in resisting malicious attacks. Existing attacks on dynamic graphs mainly focus on rewiring original graph structures, which are often infeasible in real-world scenarios. To address this issue, we adopt a novel strategy by injecting both fake nodes and links to attack dynamic graphs. Based on that, we present the first study on attacking dynamic graphs via adversarial topology perturbations in a restricted black-box setting, in which downstream graph learning tasks are unknown. Specifically, we first divide dynamic graph structure perturbations into three sub-tasks and transform them as a sequential decision making process. Then, we propose a hierarchical reinforcement learning based black-box attack (HRBBA) framework to model three sub-tasks as attack policies. In addition, an imperceptible perturbation constraint to guarantee the concealment of attacks is incorporated into HRBBA. Finally, HRBBA is optimized based on the actor-critic process. Extensive experiments on four real-world dynamic graphs show that the performance of diverse dynamic graph learning methods (victim methods) on tasks like link prediction, node classification and network clustering can be substantially degraded under HRBBA attack.
