Antiangiogenic therapy in diabetic nephropathy: A double­edged sword (Review).

Diabetes and the associated complications are becoming a serious global threat and an increasing burden to human health and the healthcare systems. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the primary cause of end­stage kidney disease. Abnormal angiogenesis is well established to be implicated in the morphology and pathophysiology of DN. Factors that promote or inhibit angiogenesis serve an important role in DN. In the present review, the current issues associated with the vascular disease in DN are highlighted, and the challenges in the development of treatments are discussed.