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BACKGROUND: Infective endocarditis (IE) involving the pulmonic valve and/or the pulmonary artery is rare. An unrepaired patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a risk factor for IE. A previous IE is also a risk factor that predisposes to IE recurrence. Discriminating between IE recurrence and a persistence of a vegetation from a previously treated IE can be difficult. We present the case of a 19-year-old primigravid with an unrepaired PDA and a history of IE treated 7 years prior, with positive blood cultures and vegetations on the pulmonic valve and pulmonary artery seen on transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE). METHODS AND RESULTS: On TTE, a small-sized PDA with a Qp : Qs of 1.18 and vegetations on the pulmonic valve and pulmonary artery were documented. Despite the paucity of symptoms, she was empirically treated as culture-negative IE and given 2 weeks of ceftriaxone. Repeat TTE done after 2 weeks only showed a slight decrease in the vegetation size. Due to the paucity of symptoms of infection, lack of growth of the vegetation, and absence of embolic events, the vegetations were deemed to be persistent remnants from the previous IE rather than a recurrent IE. She was advised surgical PDA closure and harvest of vegetations after delivery, but the patient did not consent. The rest of her perinatal course was uneventful. CONCLUSION: Persistence of vegetations despite successful medical treatment occurs in some cases and has not been reported to be associated with increased morbidity. Therefore, a follow-up of IE after treatment should be guided by the clinical course and response to therapy as well as the echocardiographic morphology of vegetations over time.
RESUMO
Systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve or chordate is one characteristic seen in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) either in obstructive or non-obstructive phenotypes. More often than not, the obstruction is caused by valvular rather than chordal SAM. We describe the role of echocardiography in identifying the actual anatomical location of the mitral valve apparatus involved in SAM and in assessing consequent left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction in an otherwise asymptomatic patient. We report a case of a 29-year-old male admitted for an elective non-cardiac surgery, presenting with a cardiac murmur and left axis deviation with biventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiogram. On 2D transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), an asymmetrically hypertrophied left ventricle with systolic motion of anterior mitral valve was incidentally seen. Continuous wave Doppler assessment across the LVOT showed some gradient of obstruction (peak gradient: 9 mm Hg). Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) demonstrated a redundant anterior mitral valve with the subchordal apparatus mainly causing SAM and confirmed the gradient obtained on TTE, with a mild degree, yet non-significant, degree of LVOT obstruction (mean gradient: 10 mm Hg) documented. Because of this finding, patient was cleared for surgery. Management was deemed conservative with emphasis on close surveillance for signs and symptoms attributable to development of significant LVOT obstruction in patients with HCM. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case in our country of an echocardiographic pattern of systolic anterior motion primarily of the subchordal mitral valve apparatus causing some, though non-significant, degree of LVOT obstruction in HCM. Echocardiographic features such as asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy and presence of some LVOT obstruction caused primarily by subchordal apparatus could impact management in asymptomatic patients.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a functional renal impairment associated with advanced cirrhosis. The best treatment is liver transplantation; however, many patients die before this can be done. Terlipressin improves renal function in HRS, but recent studies have shown similar effects with the cheaper and more readily available norepinephrine. This review included randomized trials comparing noradrenaline to terlipressin for patients with type 1 HRS, as defined by the International Ascites Club. OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and effectiveness of noradrenaline in the management of HRS in terms of 1) reducing mortality, 2) reversal and 3) occurrence of adverse events METHODOLOGY: For this meta-analysis paper, the researchers utilized an electronic search of databases and manual scanning of reference lists were performed. Standardized eligibility assessment was performed independently by three reviewers. Review Manager 5.0.23 was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as well as I2 values for inter-trial heterogeneity. Standardized eligibility assessment was performed independently by three reviewers. RESULTS: Thirty-six articles were found after electronic and manual searching. Three were assessed for validity and included in the final analysis. The total number of patients across all trials was 95. Noradrenaline was found not to differ from terlipressin in terms of 15-day survival rate (OR 01.17; 95% CI: 0.51-2.66), reversal of HRS (OR1.07; 95% CI: 0.47-2.44), and a post-hoc analysis on disease-free survival (OR 0.78; 95% CI: 0.34-1.79). Results of sensitivity analysis were consistent with the previous findings (15-day survival: OR=1.21 95% CI = 0.52-2.83; HRS reversal: OR= 1.33, 95% CI = 0.56-3.13; disease-free survival: 1.35, CI =0.56-3.25). Only transient adverse effects were noted with either drugs. CONCLUSION: There is inconclusive evidence that noradrenaline and terlipressin are significantly different in the reversal of HRS and reduction of mortality. Larger trials on noradrenaline or a non-inferiority trial may be needed to establish the equivalence of noradrenaline with terlipressin.
