Hematology and blood biochemistry profile of the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon magdalenae as a tool for population assessment in artificial environments / Perfil hematológico e bioquímico do sangue da arraia de água doce Potamotrygon magdalenae como ferramenta para avaliação da população em ambientes artificiais

Hematological and blood biochemical reference information is important to establish physiological status of freshwater stingray populations and improve care and management protocols in artificial environments. Here, we used a commercial freshwater stingray with high mortality rates in the market (Potamotrygon magdalenae), as an example to understand how artificial environments and handling protocols influence physiological status of captive freshwater stingrays. To this purpose, blood from five adult males and six adult females was collected to perform complete blood counts and blood chemistry analyses. All sampled animals showed good body condition with no differences between sexes. Differences between sexes were only found for the differential count of lymphocytes. Red blood results were consistent with previously studied potamotrygonids while white blood results showed higher values of leukocytes, thrombocytes, heterophils and lymphocytes in P. magdalenae compared to other Potamotrygonids. All types of leukocytes described for elasmobranchs were found except neutrophils and basophils. Blood metabolites showed an influence of ex situ diet in total protein, triglycerides and cholesterol. Glucose results were consistent while urea showed lower levels than those recorded for other freshwater stingrays. These results highlight the importance of physical, physiological and health analysis in freshwater stingrays as a part of welfare assessment to improve monitoring protocols and survival rates in public or private aquaria.

A informação de referência hematológica e bioquímica do sangue é importante para estabelecer o estado fisiológico das populações de arraias de água doce e melhorar os protocolos de cuidado e manejo em ambientes artificiais. Aqui, usamos uma espécie comercial de arraia de água doce com elevadas taxas de mortalidade no mercado (Potamotrygon magdalenae) como espécie exemplo para compreender de que modo os ambientes artificiais e os protocolos de manipulação influenciam o estado fisiológico das arraias de água doce em cativeiro. Para este fim, foi coletado sangue de cinco machos adultos e seis fêmeas adultas para realizar contagens completas de células sanguíneas e análises bioquímicas de sangue. Todos os animais amostrados mostraram boa condição corpórea, sem diferenças entre os sexos. Diferenças entre os sexos foram encontradas só na contagem diferencial de linfócitos. Os resultados de células sanguíneas vermelhas foram consistentes com potamotrigonídeos previamente estudados, enquanto o leucograma revelou valores mais elevados de leucócitos, trombócitos, heterófilos e linfócitos em P. magdalenae, em comparação com outros potamotrigonídeos. Todos os tipos de leucócitos descritos para elasmobrânquios foram encontrados, exceto para neutrófilos e basófilos. Todos os tipos de leucócitos descritos para elasmobrânquios foram encontrados, exceto para neutrófilos e basófilos. Os metabólitos do sangue mostraram influência da dieta ex situ nas proteínas totais, triglicerídeos e colesterol. Os resultados da glicose foram consistentes, enquanto a ureia mostrou níveis mais baixos do que os registrados para outras espécies de arraias de água doce. Os resultados da glicose foram consistentes, enquanto a ureia mostrou níveis mais baixos em P. magdalenae. Estes resultados enfatizam a importância da análise física, fisiológica e de saúde em arraias de água doce como parte da avaliação do bem-estar para melhorar os protocolos de monitoramento e as taxas de sobrevivência em aquários públicos ou privados.

Hematology and blood biochemistry profile of the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon magdalenae as a tool for population assessment in artificial environments / Perfil hematológico e bioquímico do sangue da arraia de água doce Potamotrygon magdalenae como ferramenta para avaliação da população em ambientes artificiais

Hematological and blood biochemical reference information is important to establish physiological status of freshwater stingray populations and improve care and management protocols in artificial environments. Here, we used a commercial freshwater stingray with high mortality rates in the market (Potamotrygon magdalenae), as an example to understand how artificial environments and handling protocols influence physiological status of captive freshwater stingrays. To this purpose, blood from five adult males and six adult females was collected to perform complete blood counts and blood chemistry analyses. All sampled animals showed good body condition with no differences between sexes. Differences between sexes were only found for the differential count of lymphocytes. Red blood results were consistent with previously studied potamotrygonids while white blood results showed higher values of leukocytes, thrombocytes, heterophils and lymphocytes in P. magdalenae compared to other Potamotrygonids. All types of leukocytes described for elasmobranchs were found except neutrophils and basophils. Blood metabolites showed an influence of ex situ diet in total protein, triglycerides and cholesterol. Glucose results were consistent while urea showed lower levels than those recorded for other freshwater stingrays. These results highlight the importance of physical, physiological and health analysis in freshwater stingrays as a part of welfare assessment to improve monitoring protocols and survival rates in public or private aquaria.

A informação de referência hematológica e bioquímica do sangue é importante para estabelecer o estado fisiológico das populações de arraias de água doce e melhorar os protocolos de cuidado e manejo em ambientes artificiais. Aqui, usamos uma espécie comercial de arraia de água doce com elevadas taxas de mortalidade no mercado(Potamotrygon magdalenae) como espécie exemplo para compreender de que modo os ambientes artificiais e os protocolos de manipulação influenciam o estado fisiológico das arraias de água doce em cativeiro. Para este fim, foi coletado sangue de cinco machos adultos e seis fêmeas adultas para realizar contagens completas de células sanguíneas e análises bioquímicas de sangue. Todos os animais amostrados mostraram boa condição corpórea, sem diferenças entre os sexos. Diferenças entre os sexos foram encontradas só na contagem diferencial de linfócitos. Os resultados de células sanguíneas vermelhas foram consistentes com potamotrigonídeos previamente estudados, enquanto o leucograma revelou valores mais elevados de leucócitos, trombócitos, heterófilos e linfócitos em P. magdalenae, em comparação com outros potamotrigonídeos. Todos os tipos de leucócitos descritos para elasmobrânquios foram encontrados, exceto para neutrófilos e basófilos. Todos os tipos de leucócitos descritos para elasmobrânquios foram encontrados, exceto para neutrófilos e basófilos. Os metabólitos do sangue mostraram influência da dieta ex situ nas proteínas totais, triglicerídeos e colesterol. Os resultados da glicose foram consistentes, enquanto a ureia mostrou níveis mais baixos do que os registrados para outras espécies de arraias de água doce. Os resultados da glicose foram consistentes, enquanto a ureia mostrou níveis mais baixos em P. magdalenae. Estes resultados enfatizam a importância da análise física, fisiológica e de saúde em arraias de água doce como parte da avaliação do bem-estar para melhorar os protocolos [...].

Hematology and blood biochemistry profile of the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon magdalenae as a tool for population assessment in artificial environments

Abstract Hematological and blood biochemical reference information is important to establish physiological status of freshwater stingray populations and improve care and management protocols in artificial environments. Here, we used a commercial freshwater stingray with high mortality rates in the market (Potamotrygon magdalenae), as an example to understand how artificial environments and handling protocols influence physiological status of captive freshwater stingrays. To this purpose, blood from five adult males and six adult females was collected to perform complete blood counts and blood chemistry analyses. All sampled animals showed good body condition with no differences between sexes. Differences between sexes were only found for the differential count of lymphocytes. Red blood results were consistent with previously studied potamotrygonids while white blood results showed higher values of leukocytes, thrombocytes, heterophils and lymphocytes in P. magdalenae compared to other Potamotrygonids. All types of leukocytes described for elasmobranchs were found except neutrophils and basophils. Blood metabolites showed an influence of ex situ diet in total protein, triglycerides and cholesterol. Glucose results were consistent while urea showed lower levels than those recorded for other freshwater stingrays. These results highlight the importance of physical, physiological and health analysis in freshwater stingrays as a part of welfare assessment to improve monitoring protocols and survival rates in public or private aquaria.

Resumo A informação de referência hematológica e bioquímica do sangue é importante para estabelecer o estado fisiológico das populações de arraias de água doce e melhorar os protocolos de cuidado e manejo em ambientes artificiais. Aqui, usamos uma espécie comercial de arraia de água doce com elevadas taxas de mortalidade no mercado (Potamotrygon magdalenae) como espécie exemplo para compreender de que modo os ambientes artificiais e os protocolos de manipulação influenciam o estado fisiológico das arraias de água doce em cativeiro. Para este fim, foi coletado sangue de cinco machos adultos e seis fêmeas adultas para realizar contagens completas de células sanguíneas e análises bioquímicas de sangue. Todos os animais amostrados mostraram boa condição corpórea, sem diferenças entre os sexos. Diferenças entre os sexos foram encontradas só na contagem diferencial de linfócitos. Os resultados de células sanguíneas vermelhas foram consistentes com potamotrigonídeos previamente estudados, enquanto o leucograma revelou valores mais elevados de leucócitos, trombócitos, heterófilos e linfócitos em P. magdalenae, em comparação com outros potamotrigonídeos. Todos os tipos de leucócitos descritos para elasmobrânquios foram encontrados, exceto para neutrófilos e basófilos. Todos os tipos de leucócitos descritos para elasmobrânquios foram encontrados, exceto para neutrófilos e basófilos. Os metabólitos do sangue mostraram influência da dieta ex situ nas proteínas totais, triglicerídeos e colesterol. Os resultados da glicose foram consistentes, enquanto a ureia mostrou níveis mais baixos do que os registrados para outras espécies de arraias de água doce. Os resultados da glicose foram consistentes, enquanto a ureia mostrou níveis mais baixos em P. magdalenae. Estes resultados enfatizam a importância da análise física, fisiológica e de saúde em arraias de água doce como parte da avaliação do bem-estar para melhorar os protocolos de monitoramento e as taxas de sobrevivência em aquários públicos ou privados.

Hematology and blood biochemistry profile of the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon magdalenae as a tool for population assessment in artificial environments.

Hematological and blood biochemical reference information is important to establish physiological status of freshwater stingray populations and improve care and management protocols in artificial environments. Here, we used a commercial freshwater stingray with high mortality rates in the market (Potamotrygon magdalenae), as an example to understand how artificial environments and handling protocols influence physiological status of captive freshwater stingrays. To this purpose, blood from five adult males and six adult females was collected to perform complete blood counts and blood chemistry analyses. All sampled animals showed good body condition with no differences between sexes. Differences between sexes were only found for the differential count of lymphocytes. Red blood results were consistent with previously studied potamotrygonids while white blood results showed higher values of leukocytes, thrombocytes, heterophils and lymphocytes in P. magdalenae compared to other Potamotrygonids. All types of leukocytes described for elasmobranchs were found except neutrophils and basophils. Blood metabolites showed an influence of ex situ diet in total protein, triglycerides and cholesterol. Glucose results were consistent while urea showed lower levels than those recorded for other freshwater stingrays. These results highlight the importance of physical, physiological and health analysis in freshwater stingrays as a part of welfare assessment to improve monitoring protocols and survival rates in public or private aquaria.

[Persistence [corrected] of onphalomesenteric duct as intestinal obstruction cause in a adult. Report of a case in the Hipolito Unanue Nacional Hospital]. / Persistencia de conducto onfalomesentérico como causa de obstruccion intestinal en el adulto. Reporte de un caso en el Hospital Nacional Hipolito Unanue.

The persistence of the onphalomesenteric duct has been reported in several pediatric publications either through the appearance of Meckel diverticulum that are commonest, or by the appearance of segments with partial or total permeability of itself. Sporadic cases have appeared where this anomaly has originated episodes of intestinal obstruction in infants and children specially under the form of a fibrous band. However, adult presentations extremely infrequent. The case presented in this report shows compatible findings with a onphalomesenteric conduit with partial permeability, that I originate an intestinal picture of obstruction in a young adult.

Persistencia de Conducto Onfalomesentérico como causa de Obstruccion Intestinal en el Adulto. Reporte de un caso en el Hospital Nacional Hipolito Unanue / Persistence of Onfalomesentérico Conduct as a cause of intestinal obstruction in the Adult. A case report in the Hipolito Unanue National Hospital

La persistencia del conducto onfalomesentérico ha sido reportada en diversas publicaciones pediátricas ya sea a través de la aparición de un divertículo de Meckel que es la forma más común, o ya sea por la aparición de segmentos con permeabilidad parcial o total el mismo. Se han presentado casos esporádicos donde esta anomalía ha originado episodios de obstrucción intestinal en lactantes y niños, especialmente bajo la forma de unabanda fibrosa remanente. La presentación en el adulto, sin embargo, es extremadamente infrecuente. El caso presentado en este reporte muestra hallazgos compatibles con un conducto onfalomesentérico con permeabilidad parcial, que originó un cuadro de obstrucción intestinal en un adulto joven.

The persistence of the onphalomesenteric duct has been reported in several pediatricpublications either through the appearance of Meckel diverticulum that are commonest, orby the appearance of segments with partial or total permeability of itself. Sporadic caseshave appeared where this anomaly has originated episodes of intestinal obstruction ininfants and children specially under the form of a fibrous band. However, adult presentationis extremely infrecuent. The case presented in this report shows compatible findings witha onphalomesenteric conduit with partial permeability, that I originate an intestinal pictureof obstruction in a young adult.

Mitochondrial activity, distribution and segregation in bovine oocytes and in embryos produced in vitro.

Contents Bovine oocytes and embryos produced in vitro were studied to determine the mitochondrial pattern of distribution, segregation and activity using DIOC 6 and Jc-1 fluorescence. The highest fluorescence level observed in mature oocytes was taken as 100% activity and six activity levels were estimated as follows: (1) 0%, (2) 1-15%, (3) 16-30%, (4) 31-50%, (5) 51-75% and (6) 76-100%. Three patterns of mitochondrial distribution were found: (1) diffused throughout the cytoplasm in oocytes and embryos, (2) pericytoplasmic in oocytes and embryos, and (3) perinuclear only in embryos. The segregation of mitochondria in blastomeres showed two distinct patterns: (1) symmetrical with an even mitochondrial population, and (2) asymmetrical with different numbers of mitochondria in each blastomere. In immature oocytes, mitochondrial activity was very low and the distribution was diffuse or negligible, while in mature oocytes the activity was high and the distribution was diffuse or pericytoplasmic. Competent embryos up to the 16-cell stage showed intermediate levels of activity (16-50%) but activity decreased thereafter up to the blastocyst stage. Non-competent embryos showed low levels of activity (1-15%) at all stages. These results suggest that mitochondria might play an important role during early development and that a minimum threshold of activity regulates the potential competence for reaching the blastocyst stage.

[Clinical applications of the comprehensive theory of urinary incontinence]. / Aplicaciones clínicas de la teoría integral de la continencia.

Currently, urinary incontinence cannot be treated without taking into consideration the comprehensive theory of urinary incontinence. According to this theory, stress incontinence, urge incontinence and alterations in bladder emptying result from alterations in the elements of suburethral support, ligaments and muscles of the pelvis floor. Alterations in the forces applied by muscles and ligaments to the fascia adjacent to the vaginal wall and the urethra cause the vesical neck and the urethra to open or close. Alterations in the forces applied to the vagina can also cause premature activation of the micturition reflex, triggering involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle. Knowledge of the anatomic substrate of the upper, intermediate and lower layers of the pelvic floor and of the main pubourethral, urethropelvic and uterosacral ligamentous elements is essential before any surgical approach of incontinence can be attempted. Depending on the location of the fascial or ligamental muscle lesion and of the sensitivity of the local nerve endings, stress incontinence, urge incontinence, altered bladder emptying or combinations of these conditions can develop. There are 6 basic defects which should be systematically investigated: defect in the suburethral support ("Hammock"), tethered vagina syndrome, distended pubourethral ligaments, distended uterosacral ligaments and support of the vaginal apex, lesions of vaginal insertion of pubococcygeal muscles, lesions of the striated muscles of the pelvic floor levator plate.

[Transobturator correction of cystocele]. / Corrección transobturatoria de los cistoceles.

OBJECTIVE: We present our initial experience with the Perigee system for anterior vaginal wall prolapses repair. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 15 patients with anterior vaginal wall prolapse (mean age: 62 years old) underwent implanted with Perigee system which is composed by a mesh for correcting central defect and four self-attached horns for correcting lateral defect. The implanted procedure consist of four steps: 1) lateral vaginal wall dissection as far as isquiopubic branch; 2) performance of two upper marks at genitofemoral fold and two lower marks at 2 cm laterally and 3 cm lower; 3) insertion of the upper needles parallel to the isquiopubic branch and connection with the mesh's "arms" plus insertion of the lower needles vertically and connection with mesh's "legs"; 4) to adjust the mesh free tension. The system POP-Q was used as an objective measure of correction rate. RESULTS: Preoperatively, the point Aa was 0.09. After 6 weeks and three months postoperatively was -3.00 and -2.73 respectively. Preoperatively, the point Ba was 1.73. After 6 weeks and three months postoperatively was -2.82 and -2.82 respectively. No major complications were presented. No vascular damage or significant bleeding was observed. CONCLUSION: The transobturator correction of cystocele is an attractive alternative. The initial good outcome may be expected to be long lasting.

Aplicaciones clínicas de la teoría integral de la continencia / Clinical applications of the comprehensive theory of urinary incontinence

En la actualidad, el tratamiento de la incontinencia de orina no se puede realizar sin tener en cuenta la teoría integral de la continencia. Esta teoría considera que la incontinencia a los esfuerzos, la urgencia y las alteraciones del vaciamiento vesical se presentan por las alteraciones sucedidas en los elementos de soporte suburetral, de los ligamentos y de los músculos del suelo pélvico. Las alteraciones de la tensión aplicada por los músculos y ligamentos sobre las fascias yuxtapuestas a la pared vaginal determinan la apertura o el cierre del cuello vesical y de la uretra. Alteraciones de la tensión sobre la vagina determinan, también, la activación prematura del reflejo miccional, desencadenando contracciones involuntarias del detrusor. El conocimiento de los fundamentos anatómicos del piso superior, intermedio e inferior del suelo pélvico así como de los principales elementos ligamentosos pubouretrales, uretropélvicos y úterosacros son esenciales antes de abordar cualquier cirugía de la incontinencia. Dependiendo de la localización de la lesión músculo fascial o ligamentar y de la sensibilidad de las terminaciones nerviosas locales, se puede desarrollar incontinencia de esfuerzo, incontinencia de urgencia, alteraciones del vaciamiento vesical o varias combinaciones de estas condiciones. Existen 6 defectos básicos que deben ser investigados sistemáticamente: defecto del soporte suburetral (“Hammock”), síndrome de vagina fija (“Tethered vagina syndrome”), distensión de los ligamentos pubouretrales, distensión de los ligamentos útero sacros y del soporte del ápice vaginal, lesiones de la inserción vaginal de los músculos pubococcígeos, lesiones de los músculos estriados del piso pélvico por traumatismo del esfínter externo del ano o distensión, parálisis o ruptura de las inserciones del plató elevador

Currently, urinary incontinence cannot be treated without taking into consideration the comprehensive theory of urinary incontinence. According to this theory, stress incontinence, urge incontinence and alterations in bladder emptying result from alterations in the elements of suburethral support, ligaments and muscles of the pelvis floor. Alterations in the forces applied by muscles and ligaments to the fascia adjacent to the vaginal wall and the urethra cause the vesical neck and the urethra to open or close. Alterations in the forces applied to the vagina can also cause premature activation of the micturition reflex, triggering involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle. Knowledge of the anatomic substrate of the upper, intermediate and lower layers of the pelvic floor and of the main pubourethral, urethropelvic and uterosacral ligamentous elements is essential before any surgical approach of incontinence can be attempted. Depending on the location of the fascial or ligamental muscle lesion and of the sensitivity of the local nerve endings, stress incontinence, urge incontinence, altered bladder emptying or combinations of these conditions can develop. There are 6 basic defects which should be systematically investigated: defect in the suburethral support (“Hammock”), tethered vagina syndrome, distended pubourethral ligaments, distended uterosacral ligaments and support of the vaginal apex, lesions of vaginal insertion of pubococcygeal muscles, lesions of the striated muscles of the pelvic floor levator plate

Corrección transobturatoria de los cistoceles / Transobturator correction of cystocele

Objetivo: Presentar nuestra experiencia inicial con el sistema Perigee para la corrección de prolapsos de pared anterior vaginal. Material y método: 15 pacientes con prolapso de la pared anterior de la vagina (edad media: 62 años) fueron intervenidas con el sistema Perigee compuesto de una tela para la corrección del defecto central y cuatro astas autofijables para la corrección del defecto lateral. La técnica de implante consta de cuatro pasos: 1) disección lateral vaginal hasta rama isquiopúbica; 2) realización de dos marcas superiores en el pliegue genito-femoral y dos inferiores a 2 cm lateralmente y 3 cm inferiormente en relación a las primeras; 3) introducción agujas superiores paralelas a la rama isquiopúbica y conexión con los “brazos” del injerto e introducción de agujas inferiores verticalmente con conexión a las “piernas” del injerto; 4) ajuste sin tensión de la malla. La tasa de curación fue medida objetivamente utilizando el sistema POP-Q. Resultados: El punto Aa preoperatorio paso de 0.09 a -3.00 a las 6 semanas del postoperatorio y se mantuvo en -2.73 a los tres meses. El punto Ba preoperatorio era de 1.73 y paso a -2.82 a las 6 semanas y se mantuvo en -2.82 a los 3 meses. Las complicaciones no fueron significativas. No se produjeron daños vasculares ni sangrados significativos. Conclusiones: La corrección transobturadora de los cistoceles es una opción atrayente. Los buenos resultados iniciales prometen ser duraderos

Objective: We present our initial experience with the Perigee system for anterior vaginal wall prolepses repair. Material and method: 15 patients with anterior vaginal wall prolapse (mean age: 62 years old) underwent implanted with Perigee system which is composed by a mesh for correcting central defect and four self-attached horns for correcting lateral defect. The implanted procedure consist of four steps: 1) lateral vaginal wall dissection as far as isquiopubic branch; 2) performance of two upper marks at genitofemoral foldy and two lower marks at 2 cm laterally and 3 cm lower; 3) insertion of the upper needles parallel to the isquiopubic branch and connection with the mesh’s “arms” plus insertion of the lower needles vertically and connection with mesh’s “legs”; 4) to adjust the mesh free tension. The system POP-Q was used as an objective measure of correction rate. Results: Preoperatively, the point Aa was 0.09. After 6 weeks and three months postoperatively was -3.00 and -2.73 respectively. Preoperatively, the point Ba was 1.73. After 6 weeks and three months postoperatively was -2.82 and -2.82 respectively. No major complications were presented. No vascular damage or significant bleeding was observed. Conclusion: The transobturator correction of cystocele is and attractive alternative. The initial good outcome may be expected to be long lasting