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Int J Mol Sci ; 21(17)2020 Aug 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32842530

RESUMO

Neurological disorders are the most devastating and challenging diseases associated with the central nervous system (CNS). The blood-brain barrier (BBB) maintains homeostasis of the brain and contributes towards the maintenance of a very delicate microenvironment, impairing the transport of many therapeutics into the CNS and making the management of common neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) and traumatic brain injury (TBI), exceptionally complicated. Nanoparticle (NP) technology offers a platform for the design of tissue-specific drug carrying systems owing to its versatile and modifiable nature. The prospect of being able to design NPs capable of successfully crossing the BBB, and maintaining a high drug bioavailability in neural parenchyma, has spurred much interest in the field of nanomedicine. NPs, which also come in an array of forms including polymeric NPs, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), quantum dots and liposomes, have the flexibility of being conjugated with various macromolecules, such as surfactants to confer the physical or chemical property desired. These nanodelivery strategies represent potential novel and minimally invasive approaches to the treatment and diagnosis of these neurological disorders. Most of the strategies revolve around the ability of the NPs to cross the BBB via various influx mechanisms, such as adsorptive-mediated transcytosis (AMT) and receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT), targeting specific biomarkers or lesions unique to that pathological condition, thereby ensuring high tissue-specific targeting and minimizing off-target side effects. In this article, insights into common neurological disorders and challenges of delivering CNS drugs due to the presence of BBB is provided, before an in-depth review of nanoparticle-based theranostic strategies.


Assuntos
Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos/métodos , Nanomedicina/métodos , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/diagnóstico , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Animais , Barreira Hematoencefálica/efeitos dos fármacos , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/diagnóstico , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/patologia , Transtornos Cerebrovasculares/diagnóstico , Transtornos Cerebrovasculares/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Cerebrovasculares/patologia , Humanos , Nanopartículas/administração & dosagem , Nanopartículas/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/patologia , Doença de Parkinson/diagnóstico , Doença de Parkinson/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Parkinson/patologia , Nanomedicina Teranóstica/métodos
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