[Techniques and complications of non-genetic risk reducing mastectomies: Guidelines of the National College of French Gynecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF)]. / Modalités et morbidité des mastectomies de réduction de risque en dehors du risque avéré de prédisposition héréditaire : recommandations du Collège national des gynécologues et obstétriciens français (CNGOF).

OBJECTIVE: Based on an updated review of the international literature covering the different surgical techniques and complications of risk reducing mastectomies (RRM) in non-genetic context, the Commission of Senology (CS) of the College National des Gynécologues Obstétriciens Français (CNGOF) aimed to establish recommendations on the techniques to be chosen and their implementation. DESIGN: The CNGOF CS, composed of 24 experts, developed these recommendations. A policy of declaration and monitoring of links of interest was applied throughout the process of making the recommendations. Similarly, the development of these recommendations did not benefit from any funding from a company marketing a health product. The CS adhered to and followed the AGREE II (Advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in healthcare) criteria and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) method to assess the quality of the evidence on which the recommendations were based. The potential drawbacks of making recommendations in the presence of poor quality or insufficient evidence were highlighted. METHODS: The CS considered 6 questions in 4 thematic areas, focusing on oncologic safety, risk of complications, aesthetic satisfaction and psychological impact, and preoperative modalities. RESULTS: The application of the GRADE method resulted in 7 recommendations, 6 with a high level of evidence (GRADE 1±) and 1 with a low level of evidence (GRADE 2±). CONCLUSION: There was significant agreement among the CS members on recommendations for preferred surgical techniques and practical implementation.

Components of genetic counsellor education: A systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature.

The need for appropriately trained genetic counsellors to support genetic healthcare is now acknowledged. However, while programmes for education of genetic counsellors exist in a number of countries, these do not conform to any specific international standards. As genetic techniques, educational standards and professional standards have been evolved, and with increasing mobility of genetic counsellors, it is of great importance to have some comparison of education and training between different countries. This systematic review was conducted to determine the components of educational programmes for genetic counsellors worldwide that have been published in peer-reviewed literature. Databases were searched for studies published in English from 2000 to 2014 related to the topic. We identified 406 potential papers, of these, 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings indicate that, in most cases, the theoretical components of genetic counsellor programmes conform to the recommendations and requirements of relevant professional bodies. However, clinical preparation of genetic counsellors in real-life professional practice settings seems to be less well addressed as this is essential to ensure genetic counsellors are able to provide safe patient care after graduation. Further work to gain agreement internationally on genetic counsellor education is needed.

French professionals in genetic counselor careers.

The profession of genetic counseling in France was recognized in 2004, based on the recommendations of a mandate commissioned by the Health Minister to explore the medical demographics of France. The report predicted a shortage of health professionals in the field of genetics, particularly in light of the rapid development of molecular testing. Development of the profession was supported by a legal framework, and today 107 genetic counselors have graduated from the specific educational program which awards the Professional Master's Degree of Human Pathology, entitled Master in Genetic Counseling and Predictive Medicine. Here we will trace the development of the profession in France and review the demographic characteristics of the students and genetic counselors practicing the profession today.

Variance in the reproductive success of flat oyster Ostrea edulis L. assessed by parentage analyses in natural and experimental conditions.

In order to document further the phenomena of variance in reproductive success in natural populations of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis, two complementary studies based on natural and experimental populations were conducted. The first part of this work was focused on paternity analyses using a set of four microsatellite markers for larvae collected from 13 brooding females sampled in Quiberon Bay (Brittany, France). The number of individuals contributing as the male parent to each progeny assay was highly variable, ranging from 2 to more than 40. Moreover, paternal contributions showed a much skewed distribution, with some males contributing to 50-100% of the progeny assay. The second part of this work consisted of the analysis of six successive cohorts experimentally produced from an acclimated broodstock (62 wild oysters sampled in the Quiberon Bay). Allelic richness was significantly higher in the adult population than in the temporal cohorts collected. Genetic differentiation (F(st) estimates) was computed for each pair of samples and all significant values ranged from 0.7 to 11.9%. A limited effective number of breeders (generally below 25) was estimated in the six temporal cohorts. The study gives first indications of the high variance in reproductive success as well as a reduced effective size, not only under experimental conditions but also in the wild. Surprisingly, the pool of the successive cohorts, based on the low number of loci used, appeared to depict a random and representative set of alleles of the progenitor population, indicating that the detection of patterns of temporal genetic differentiation at a local scale most likely depends on the sampling window.

Transcriptome response of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) to infection with Vibrio tubiashii using cDNA AFLP differential display.

We used qualitative complementary DNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) differential display analysis and real-time, quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to identify genes in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, whose transcription either changes in response to exposure to a pathogenic bacterium (Vibrio tubiashii) or varies between families known to differ in sensitivity to heat stress, before and at 12 and 36 h after bacterial exposure at a temperature of 25 degrees C. These conditions simulate those associated with summer mortality syndrome, a poorly understood cause of massive mortalities in cultured Pacific oysters in North America, Asia and Europe. Using 32 AFLP primer pairs, we identified 92 transcript-derived fragments that are qualitatively differentially expressed. We then cloned and sequenced 14 of these fragments, designed fragment-specific primers and quantified their transcription patterns using RT-qPCR. Most of the differences in transcription patterns between stress-tolerant and stress-sensitive families were evident before bacterial exposure, and genes that responded to bacterial exposure did so in parallel between stress-sensitive and stress-tolerant families. Blast searches of sequence databases revealed that these fragments represent genes involved in immune response as well as genes related to metabolic processes. Our data support the hypothesis that family level differences in resistance to stress in Pacific oysters are largely attributable to constitutive differences in gene transcription or 'general vigour' that are detectable before and maintained after infection, rather than being due to induced responses at the transcriptome level.