Indonesian marine and its medicinal contribution.

The archipelagic country of Indonesia is populated by the densest marine biodiversity in the world which has created strong global interest and is valued by both Indigenous and European settlements for different purposes. Nearly 1000 chemicals have been extracted and identified. In this review, a systematic data curation was employed to collate bioprospecting related manuscripts providing a comprehensive directory based on publications from 1988 to 2022. Findings with significant pharmacological activities are further discussed through a scoping data collection. This review discusses macroorganisms (Sponges, Ascidian, Gorgonians, Algae, Mangrove) and microorganism (Bacteria and Fungi) and highlights significant discoveries, including a potent microtubule stabilizer laulimalide from Hyattella sp., a prospective doxorubicin complement papuamine alkaloid from Neopetrosia cf exigua, potent antiplasmodial manzamine A from Acanthostrongylophora ingens, the highly potent anti trypanosomal manadoperoxide B from Plakortis cfr. Simplex, mRNA translation disrupter hippuristanol from Briareum sp, and the anti-HIV-1 (+)-8-hydroxymanzamine A isolated from Acanthostrongylophora sp. Further, some potent antibacterial extracts were also found from a limited biomass of bacteria cultures. Although there are currently no examples of commercial drugs from the Indonesian marine environment, this review shows the molecular diversity present and with the known understudied biodiversity, reveals great promise for future studies and outcomes.

Antihyperglycemic activity of Porphyridium cruentum biomass and extra-cellular polysaccharide in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Porphyridium cruentum, known as red microalga, is able to produce extra-cellular polysaccharides (EPs) that have beneficial health effects. In this study, the effect of P. cruentum biomass and EPs with various doses was studied in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats to determine their antihyperglycemic activity and its potential mechanism. The doses of biomass were 600, 1200 and 1800 mg/kg body weight (BW) while the doses of EPs were 150, 300 and 450 mg/kg BW. P. cruentum biomass and EPs could slightly reduce food intake in STZ-diabetic rats as compared with diabetic group. After a 14-day treatment, P. cruentum EPs could decrease blood glucose levels of STZ-induced diabetic rats while P. cruentum biomass at all doses could not. P. cruentum EPs was as effective as glibenclamide in lowering blood glucose levels of diabetic rats. In addition, P. cruentum EPs could significantly increase (p < 0.05) Langerhans islets areas, the number of ß-cells and the height of intestinal villi. Treatment with 450 mg/kg BW of EPs resulted in the most effective antihyperglycemic activity. Thus, P. cruentum has the potential to resolve hyperglycemic and diabetic problems.

Isolation of a new natural product and cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of extracts from fungi of Indonesian marine habitats.

In the search for bioactive compounds, 11 fungal strains were isolated from Indonesian marine habitats. Ethyl acetate extracts of their culture broth were tested for cytotoxic activity against a urinary bladder carcinoma cell line and for antifungal and antibacterial activities against fish and human pathogenic bacteria as well as against plant and human pathogenic fungi. The crude extract of a sterile algicolous fungus (KT31), isolated from the red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P.C. Silva exhibited potent cytotoxic activity with an IC50 value of 1.5 µg/mL. Another fungal strain (KT29) displayed fungicidal properties against the plant pathogenic fungus Cladosporium cucumerinum Ell. et Arth. at 50 µg/spot. 2-Carboxy-8-methoxy-naphthalene-1-ol (1) could be isolated as a new natural product.