Patient Health Questionnaire-9 versus Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in screening for major depressive episodes: a cross-sectional population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Major depressive episodes (MDE) are frequent at the population level and are generally associated with severe symptoms that impair performance of activities of daily living of individuals suffering from this condition. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of two tests that separately showed suitable properties in screening for MDE: the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). METHODS: In a previous study, the sensitivity and specificity of the PHQ-9 and the EPDS in screening for MDE were compared with a structured diagnostic interview conducted by psychiatrics and psychologists using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview as the gold standard. In a sample of adults living in the community in Pelotas, Brazil, the PHQ-9 and EPDS were applied at the same interview and the gold standard on a median of 17 days later. The interviews were carried out at the participant's home. RESULTS: 447 Individuals (191 men and 256 women) were assessed. The PHQ-9 and the EPDS results were concordant in 87.5% of the respondents, with a moderate agreement beyond what was expected by chance alone (kappa = 0.61). The areas below the ROC curves were not statistically different (82.1% for PHQ-9 and 83.5% for EPDS) (p = 0.291), thus indicating that the two tests had similar moderate accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: PHQ-9 and EPDS may be applied with equal confidence in screening for MDE in the community.

Patient health questionnaire-9 versus Edinburgh postnatal depression scale in screening for major depressive episodes: a cross-sectional population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Major depressive episodes (MDE) are frequent at the population level and are generally associated with severe symptoms that impair performance of activities of daily living of individuals suffering from this condition. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of two tests that separately showed suitable properties in screening for MDE: the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS). METHODS: In a previous study, the sensitivity and specificity of the PHQ-9 and the EPDS in screening for MDE were compared with a structured diagnostic interview conducted by psychiatrics and psychologists using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview as the gold standard. In a sample of adults living in the community in Pelotas, Brazil, the PHQ-9 and EPDS were applied at the same interview and the gold standard on a median of 17 days later. The interviews were carried out at the participant's home. RESULTS: 447 individuals (191 men and 256 women) were assessed. The PHQ-9 and the EPDS results were concordant in 87.5 % of the respondents, with a moderate agreement beyond what was expected by chance alone (kappa = 0.61). The areas below the ROC curves were not statistically different (82.1 % for PHQ-9 and 83.5 % for EPDS) (p = 0.291), thus indicating that the two tests had similar moderate accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: PHQ-9 and EPDS may be applied with equal confidence in screening for MDE in the community.

Countertransference and therapeutic alliance in the early stage of adult psychodynamic psychotherapy.

OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study was to assess the relationship between countertransference (CT) and therapeutic alliance (TA) during the early stages of psychodynamic psychotherapy. A secondary objective is to assess associations between CT and variables related to therapist and patient and between CT and other patient variables investigated, which were defense mechanisms, symptomology and functionality. METHODOLOGY: This was a cross-sectional study that enrolled 30 patients treated by 17 different therapists at the psychotherapy clinics of two psychiatry centers. Assessments of each patient-therapist pair were conducted between their fourth and 10th sessions. RESULTS: The CT distance domain exhibited a moderate negative correlation with TA, particularly its sub-dimension representing the patient's capacity for work in therapy. Moderate positive correlations were observed between CT distance and the splitting defense mechanism and between CT closeness and suppression defenses, in addition to moderate negative correlation between CT indifference and the fantasy defense mechanism. Another finding was higher scores for CT indifference in association with socioeconomic classes D and E. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of CT may provide a source of information about TA. A high degree of CT distance represents a low level of TA, particularly with relation to the patient's working capacity, although presence of the splitting defense mechanism can affect CT, to the extent that it constitutes a confounding variable. The concept of CT is useful to psychotherapists, providing a source of information about the patient's internal world and about certain elements of therapy, such as the quality of TA, which is important for good treatment results.

Countertransference and therapeutic alliance in the early stage of adult psychodynamic psychotherapy / Contratransferência e aliança terapêutica no início da psicoterapia psicodinâmica de adultos

Objectives:The primary objective of this study was to assess the relationship between countertransference (CT) and therapeutic alliance (TA) during the early stages of psychodynamic psychotherapy. A secondary objective is to assess associations between CT and variables related to therapist and patient and between CT and other patient variables investigated, which were defense mechanisms, symptomology and functionality.Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study that enrolled 30 patients treated by 17 different therapists at the psychotherapy clinics of two psychiatry centers. Assessments of each patient-therapist pair were conducted between their fourth and 10th sessions.Results: The CT distance domain exhibited a moderate negative correlation with TA, particularly its sub-dimension representing the patient's capacity for work in therapy. Moderate positive correlations were observed between CT distance and the splitting defense mechanism and between CT closeness and suppression defenses, in addition to moderate negative correlation between CT indifference and the fantasy defense mechanism. Another finding was higher scores for CT indifference in association with socioeconomic classes D and E.Conclusions: The quality of CT may provide a source of information about TA. A high degree of CT distance represents a low level of TA, particularly with relation to the patient's working capacity, although presence of the splitting defense mechanism can affect CT, to the extent that it constitutes a confounding variable. The concept of CT is useful to psychotherapists, providing a source of information about the patient's internal world and about certain elements of therapy, such as the quality of TA, which is important for good treatment results.

Objetivos: O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi avaliar a relação entre a contratransferência (CT) e a aliança terapêutica (AT) no início da psicoterapia psicodinâmica. O objetivo secundário é avaliar a associação da CT com as variáveis da dupla e da CT com as demais variáveis do paciente avaliadas, que foram os mecanismos de defesa, sintomatologia e funcionalidade.Metodologia:Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 30 pacientes do ambulatório de psicoterapia de dois serviços de psiquiatria, atendidos por 17 terapeutas. As avaliações ocorreram entre quarto e décimo encontros da dupla.Resultados:A dimensão da CT distância apresentou correlação negativa moderada com a AT, especialmente sua dimensão que representa a capacidade de trabalho em terapia do paciente. Foram verificadas correlações moderadas positivas entre CT distância e cisão e entre CT proximidade e supressão, além da correlação moderada negativa da CT indiferença com fantasia. Outro dado encontrado foi a presença de maiores níveis da CT indiferença diante de pacientes da classe socioeconômica D e E.Conclusões:A qualidade da CT pode servir de fonte de informações sobre a AT. A presença de alta CT que indica distância está relacionada a baixa AT, sobretudo em relação a capacidade de trabalho do paciente, ainda que a presença de cisão pode influenciar a CT, de forma que representa uma variável de confusão. A CT é um conceito útil ao psicoterapeuta, servindo como fonte de informações sobre o mundo interno do paciente e sobre elementos da psicoterapia, como a qualidade da AT, importante para os bons resultados dos tratamentos.

Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for screening of major depressive episode among adults from the general population.

BACKGROUND: Standardized questionnaires designed for the identification of depression are useful for monitoring individual as well as population mental health. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) has originally been developed to assist primary care health professionals to detect postnatal depression, but several authors recommend its use outside of the postpartum period. In Brazil, the use of the EPDS for screening depression outside the postpartum period and among non-selected populations has not been validated. The present study aimed to assess the validity of the EPDS as a screening instrument for major depressive episode (MDE) among adults from the general population. METHODS: This is a validation study that used a population-based sampling technique to select the participants. The study was conducted in the city of Pelotas, Brazil. Households were randomly selected by two stage conglomerates with probability proportional to size. EPDS was administered to 447 adults (≥20 years). Approximately 17 days later, participants were reinterviewed by psychiatrics and psychologists using a structured diagnostic interview (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, MINI). We calculated the sensitivity and specificity of each cutoff point of EPDS, and values were plotted as a receiver operator characteristic curve. RESULTS: The best cutoff point for screening depression was ≥8, with 80.0% (64.4 - 90.9%) sensitivity and 87.0% (83.3 - 90.1%) specificity. Among women the best cutoff point was ≥8 too with values of sensitivity and specificity of 84.4% (67.2 - 94.7%) and 81.3% (75.5 - 86.1%), respectively. Among men, the best cutoff point was ≥7 (75% sensitivity and 89% specificity). CONCLUSIONS: The EPDS was shown to be suitable for screening MDE among adults in the community.

[Sensitivity and specificity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) among adults from the general population]. / Sensibilidade e especificidade do Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) entre adultos da população geral.

This population-based study focused on the validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for screening major depressive episodes in the general population in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Households were selected by multi-stage sampling, and adults (> 20 years) were invited to participate. The gold standard was the structured diagnostic Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), applied by psychiatrists and psychologists. Both the PHQ-9 and the MINI were applied in the subjects' homes. In a total of 447 participants (191 men and 256 women), the continuous analysis identified > 9 as the cutoff point with the highest sensitivity (77.5%; 61.5-89.2) and specificity (86.7%; 83.0- 89.9). Use of the test's algorithm decreased the sensitivity to 42.5% (27.0-59.1), while the specificity increased to 95.3% (92.8-97.2). The PHQ-9 proved appropriate for screening major depressive episodes. For greater sensitivity, the continuously scored PHQ-9 proved more adequate than the algorithm for screening major depressive episodes in the community.

Sensibilidade e especificidade do Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) entre adultos da população geral / Sensitivity and specificity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) among adults from the general population / Sensibilidad y especificidad del Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente-9 (PHQ-9) entre adultos de la población general

Com o objetivo de estudar a validade do Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) no rastreio de episódio depressivo maior na população geral, conduziu-se um estudo de base populacional em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os domicílios foram sorteados por amostragem em múltiplos estágios, sendo os adultos (> 20 anos) convidados a participar. O padrão ouro foi a entrevista diagnóstica estruturada Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) aplicada por psiquiatras e psicólogos. Tanto o PHQ-9 quanto o MINI foram aplicados no domicílio. Em um total de 447 participantes (191 homens e 256 mulheres) a análise contínua identificou o ponto de corte > 9 como de máxima sensibilidade (77,5%; 61,5-89,2) e especificidade (86,7%; 83,0-89,9). Usando o algoritmo do teste, houve diminuição da sensibilidade para 42,5% (27,0-59,1), enquanto que a especificidade aumentou para 95,3% (92,8-97,2). O PHQ-9 mostrou-se apropriado para rastreamento de episódio depressivo maior. Pela maior sensibilidade, o PHQ-9 pontuado de forma contínua mostrou-se mais adequado do que o algoritmo para rastreamento de episódio depressivo maior na comunidade.

This population-based study focused on the validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for screening major depressive episodes in the general population in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Households were selected by multi-stage sampling, and adults (> 20 years) were invited to participate. The gold standard was the structured diagnostic Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), applied by psychiatrists and psychologists. Both the PHQ-9 and the MINI were applied in the subjects' homes. In a total of 447 participants (191 men and 256 women), the continuous analysis identified > 9 as the cutoff point with the highest sensitivity (77.5%; 61.5-89.2) and specificity (86.7%; 83.0- 89.9). Use of the test's algorithm decreased the sensitivity to 42.5% (27.0-59.1), while the specificity increased to 95.3% (92.8-97.2). The PHQ-9 proved appropriate for screening major depressive episodes. For greater sensitivity, the continuously scored PHQ-9 proved more adequate than the algorithm for screening major depressive episodes in the community.

Con el objetivo de evaluar la validez del Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente-9 (PHQ-9) en la detección de un episodio depresivo mayor en la población general, se llevó a cabo un estudio de base poblacional en la ciudad de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Los hogares se seleccionaron al azar a través de muestreo multietápico, siendo solo invitados a participar los adultos (> 20 años). El padrón de primer orden fue la Mini Entrevista Neuropsiquiátrica Internacional (MINI), aplicada por psiquiatras y psicólogos. Ambos instrumentos fueron aplicados en la casa del participante. De un total de 447 participantes (191 hombres y 256 mujeres), el análisis continuo mostró un punto de corte > 9 como el de máxima sensibilidad (77,5%; 61,5-89,2) y especificidad (86,7%; 83,0-89,9) para la identificación de un episodio depresivo mayor. Al utilizar el algoritmo del test, la sensibilidad disminuyó a un 42,5% (27,0-59,1), mientras que la especificidad aumento a un 95,3% (92,8-97,2). El PHQ-9 mostró ser adecuado para el cribado de un episodio depresivo mayor. Debido a la sensibilidad más alta, el PHQ-9 marcado como una variable continua fue más adecuado que el algoritmo para la detección de episodio depresivo mayor en la comunidad.

Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in a sample of mothers from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for screening and diagnosis of postpartum depression. Three months after delivery, EPDS was administered to 378 mothers from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Up to 15 days later, mothers were re-interviewed by mental health care professionals using a semi-structured interview based on ICD-10 (gold standard). We calculated the sensitivity and specificity of each cutoff point, and values were plotted as a receiver operator characteristic curve. The best cutoff point for screening postpartum depression was > 10, with 82.6 percent (75.3-89.9 percent) sensitivity and 65.4 percent (59.8-71.1 percent) specificity. For screening moderate and severe cases, the best cutoff point was > 11, with 83.8 percent (73.4-91.3 percent) sensitivity and 74.7 percent (69.4-79.5 percent) specificity. For diagnosis, EPDS was valid only for prevalence of postpartum depression in the 20-25 percent range, with 60 percent PPV for the > 13 cutoff point (59.5 percent sensitivity; 88.4 percent specificity). The specificities and PPVs for all cutoff points were below those reported by other authors. Small numbers and the calculation of PPV in samples with overrepresentation of cases in the majority of studies appear to account for these differences.

Avaliar a validade da Escala de Depressão Pós-natal de Edimburgo (EPDS) para rastreamento e diagnóstico de depressão pós-parto. Três meses pós-parto, a EPDS foi aplicada a 378 mães da Coorte de Nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, em 2004. Até 15 dias após, as mães foram reentrevistadas por profissionais de saúde mental utilizando-se questionário semi-estruturado baseado na CID-10 (padrão-ouro). Calculamos sensibilidade e especificidade de cada ponto de corte e construiu-se curva ROC. Melhor ponto de corte para rastreamento foi > 10 (sensibilidade 82,6 por cento, 75,3 por cento-89,9 por cento; especificidade 65,4 por cento, 59,8 por cento-71,1 por cento). Para rastrear casos moderados e graves, melhor ponto de corte foi > 11, com sensibilidade 83,8 por cento (73,4 por cento-91,3 por cento) e especificidade 74,7 por cento (69,4 por cento-79,5 por cento). Para diagnóstico, a EDPS foi válida somente para prevalências em torno de 20 por cento-25 por cento, com valor preditivo positivo de 60 por cento para o ponto de corte > 13 (sensibilidade 59,5 por cento; especificidade 88,4 por cento). As especificidades e valores preditivos positivos de todos os pontos de corte foram inferiores aos relatados na literatura. Possivelmente, o uso de amostras pequenas e o cálculo de valores preditivos positivos em amostras com super-representação de casos, sejam responsáveis por essas diferenças.

Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in a sample of mothers from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for screening and diagnosis of postpartum depression. Three months after delivery, EPDS was administered to 378 mothers from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Up to 15 days later, mothers were re-interviewed by mental health care professionals using a semi-structured interview based on ICD-10 (gold standard). We calculated the sensitivity and specificity of each cutoff point, and values were plotted as a receiver operator characteristic curve. The best cutoff point for screening postpartum depression was > 10, with 82.6% (75.3-89.9%) sensitivity and 65.4% (59.8-71.1%) specificity. For screening moderate and severe cases, the best cutoff point was > 11, with 83.8% (73.4-91.3%) sensitivity and 74.7% (69.4-79.5%) specificity. For diagnosis, EPDS was valid only for prevalence of postpartum depression in the 20-25% range, with 60% PPV for the > 13 cutoff point (59.5% sensitivity; 88.4% specificity). The specificities and PPVs for all cutoff points were below those reported by other authors. Small numbers and the calculation of PPV in samples with overrepresentation of cases in the majority of studies appear to account for these differences.

[Factors associated with drug use among adolescent students in southern Brazil]. / Fatores associados ao uso de drogas entre adolescentes escolares.

OBJECTIVE: To assess factors associated with drug use among adolescent students from schools providing secondary education. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, in 1998. An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was answered by a proportional sample of 10-19-year-old students, enrolled in primary (5th grade and further) and secondary classes in all public and private schools of the urban area which providing secondary education. Schools were visited up to three times in order to reach absent students. Results were expressed as prevalence ratios (PR). RESULTS: 2,410 students were interviewed, losses amounting to 8%. The prevalence of drug use (except alcohol and tobacco) in the last year was 17.1%. After confounder control, associations remained between drug use and parents' divorce (PR=1.46; 95% CI: 1.18-1.80), poor relationship with father (PR=1.67; 95% CI: 1.17-2.38), poor relationship with mother (PR=2.71; 95% CI: 1.64-4.48), open-minded father (PR=1.36; 95% CI: 1.08-1.72), drug user in household (PR=1.61; 95% CI: 1.17-2.18), abuse (PR=1.62; 95% CI: 1.27-2.07), having been mugged or robbed in the previous year (PR=1.38; 95% CI: 1.09-1.76) and absence of religious practice (PR=1.31; 95% CI: 1.07-1.59). CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests associations between several family characteristics and drug use by adolescents, providing useful information for a complete understanding of this problem in Brazil.

Fatores associados ao uso de drogas entre adolescentes escolares / Factors associated with drug use among adolescent students in southern Brazil

OBJETIVO: Investigar fatores associados ao uso de drogas entre adolescentes de escolas com ensino médio. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um estudo transversal, em 1998, em Pelotas, RS. Um questionário anônimo, auto-aplicado em sala de aula, foi respondido por uma amostra proporcional de estudantes com idade entre 10 e 19 anos, matriculados no ensino fundamental (a partir da quinta série) e no ensino médio, em todas as escolas públicas e particulares na zona urbana do município que tinham ensino médio. Realizaram-se até três revisitas para aplicação aos alunos ausentes. Os resultados foram expressos como razão de prevalências (RP). RESULTADOS: Foram entrevistados 2.410 estudantes e o índice de perdas foi de 8 por cento. A prevalência do uso de drogas (exceto álcool e tabaco) no último ano foi 17,1 por cento. Após controle para fatores de confusão, permaneceu a associação entre uso de drogas e separação dos pais (RP=1,46; IC 95 por cento: 1,18-1,80), relacionamento ruim ou péssimo com o pai (RP=1,67; IC 95 por cento: 1,17-2,38), relacionamento ruim ou péssimo com a mãe (RP=2,71; IC 95 por cento: 1,64-4,48), ter pai liberal (RP=1,36; IC 95 por cento: 1,08-1,72), presença em casa de familiar usuário de drogas (RP=1,61; IC 95 por cento: 1,17-2,18), ter sofrido maus tratos (RP=1,62; IC 95 por cento: 1,27-2,07), ter sido assaltado ou roubado no ano anterior (RP=1,38; IC 95 por cento: 1,09-1,76) e ausência de prática religiosa (RP=1,31; IC 95 por cento: 1,07-1,59). CONCLUSÕES: O estudo indica que diversas características familiares estão associadas ao uso de drogas pelos adolescentes, fornecendo informações úteis para a compreensão integral desse problema em nosso País.

Prevalência do uso de drogas e desempenho escolar entre adolescentes / Drug use prevalence and school performance among teenagers

Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência do uso de drogas entre adolescentes de escolas com segundo grau. Métodos: Com base em um delineamento transversal, foi realizado estudo em 1998 , em Pelotas, RS. Um questionário anônimo, auto-aplicado em sala de aula, foi respondido por uma amostra proporcional de estudantes com idade entre 10 e 19 anos, matriculados no primeiro grau (a partir da 5a série) e no segundo grau, em todas as escolas públicas e particulares na zona urbana do município que tinham segundo grau. Realizou-se até três revisitas para aplicação aos alunos ausentes. Resultados: Foram entrevistados 2.410 estudantes e o índice de perdas foi de 8 por cento. As substâncias mais consumidas, alguma vez na vida, foram álcool (86,8 por cento), tabaco (41,0 por cento), maconha (13,9 por cento), solventes (11,6 por cento), ansiolíticos (8,0 por cento), anfetamínicos (4,3 por cento) e cocaína (3,2 por cento). Os meninos usaram mais do que as meninas maconha, solventes e cocaína, enquanto elas usaram mais ansiolíticos e anfetamínicos. Uso no mês, uso freqüente, uso pesado e intoxicações por álcool foram mais prevalentes entre os meninos. Após controle para fatores de confusão, permaneceu positiva a associação entre uso de drogas (exceto álcool e tabaco) e turno escolar noturno, maior número de faltas à escola no mês anterior e maior número de reprovações escolares. Conclusões: A prevalência de experimentação de drogas em adolescentes escolares é alta, sendo importante detectar precocemente grupos de risco e desenvolver políticas de prevenção do abuso e dependência dessas substâncias

Uso de drogas entre adolescentes escolares em Pelotas, RS / Use of drugs among school teens in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Introdução: um estudo transversal foi realizado em 1998 para avaliar a prevalência do uso de drogas entre adolescentes escolares em Pelotas, cidade da região sul do Brasil. Metodologia: um questionário anônimo, auto-explicativo em sala de aula, foi respondido por uma amostra proporcional de estudantes, com idade entre 10 e 19 anos, matriculados no primeiro grau (a partir da 5ª série) e no segundo grau, em todas as escolas públicas e particulares da zona urbana do município que tinham segundo grau. Realizou-se até três revisitas para aplicação ao alunos ausentes. O questionário continha questões sobre o uso de 13 classes de substâncias psicoativas, questões sócio-demográficas e desempenho escolar. Resultados: foram entrevistados 2410 estudantes e o índice de perdas foi de 8%. As substâncias mais consumidas, alguma vez na vida, foram álcool (86,8%), tabaco (41,0%), maconha (13,9%), solventes (11,6%), ansiolíticos (8,0%), anfetamínicos (4,3%) e cocaína (3,2%). Todas estas apresentaram aumento de consumo com a idade, exceto os solventes, que foram mais usados pelos mais jovens (10 a 15 anos) e uso pesado de álcool, que não aumentou com a idade. Os meninos usaram mais do que as meninas, maconha, solventes e cocaína, enquanto elas usaram mais ansiolíticos e anfetamínicos. Uso na vida de álcool e tabaco ocorreram em proporções semelhantes entre meninos e meninas, mas uso no mês, uso freqüente, uso pesado e intoxicações por álcool foram mais prevalentes entre os meninos. Após controle para fatores de confusão, permaneceu positiva a associação entre uso de drogas (exceto álcool e tabaco) e turno escolar noturno, maior número de faltas à escola no mês anterior e maior número de reprovações escolares. Conclusões: a prevalência de experimentação de drogas em adolescentes escolares é alta, indicando a importância da detecção precoce de grupos de risco e do desenvolvimento de políticas de prevenção do abuso e dependência dessas substâncias.