Medication use for the management of professional performance: between invisibility and social normalisation.

This article aims to explore pharmaceuticalisation processes in professional work contexts. The approach focuses on identifying patterns of medicine and dietary supplement use for managing work performance, and on discussing the relationship between these consumption practices and work-related pressure factors. This analysis adapts the notions of 'normalisation' to understand the extent of cultural acceptability of these practices, and the notion of 'differentiated normalisation' to capture the tension between the trend towards normalisation of such consumption and its partial social (in)visibility within work settings. Empirical support for this analysis is based on a sociological study conducted in Portugal on professions under high performance pressures. The study involved three professional groups - nurses, journalists and police officers. A mixed methods approach was used, including focus groups, questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Overall, the results show a trend towards the use of medicines and supplements for performance management, which reveals itself as a cultural response to work-related social pressures. Such consumption coexists with irregular patterns of either occasional or long-term use, as well as heterogeneous processes of 'normalisation' and 'hidden' consumption. Conclusions point to a social interconnection between the intensification of work pressures and the pharmaceuticalisation of work performance.

Sustainable and Active Program-Development and Application of SAVING Methodology.

The SAVING project aimed to create a sustainable and active aging program to promote the transition to sustainable aging in residential structures for the elderly (RSEs), developing research activities to apply the best strategies and good practices regarding the promotion of an active, healthy, and sustainable aging regarding social, economic, environmental, and pedagogic aspects. All this innovative methodology was built on a living-lab approach applied in one RSE, that was used as a case study. The results showed that the creation of the SAVING Brigade allowed not only increased reflection and mutual learning, but also created better conditions to face uncertainties and obstacles. Moreover, the use of indicators supported the basic themes and enabled comparison with other studies, between institutions or programs. Finally, the Action Plan acted as a tool for the development of previously defined strategies. It is possible to conclude that the breadth of the concept of quality of life encompasses the physical health of the individual, their psychological state, their social relationships, their perceptions, and the relationship with the characteristics of the context in which they are inserted. Therefore, active, sustainable, and healthy aging should be the goal.

An Ontological Approach of the Cognitive and Affective Product Experience.

The cognitive and affective design aims to attract consumers with products and new products that provide innovative experiences with the intense functional and "cognitive" impact such as ease of use, in addition to "affective" impact as the pleasure of consuming. However, it is difficult to anticipate the consumer's preferences and intentionality, because what happens inside his mind, brain, or subjective experience (wishes, needs, and preferences) is not accessible. This study's objective was to propose an ontological and multidisciplinary approach to the cognitive and affective product experience through an explanation framework and a conceptual model. The model was tested, and the preliminary results indicate that the proposal contributes positively to the advance of the explanation, evaluation and translation of the product experience.

A Systematic Literature Review of Consumers' Cognitive-Affective Needs in Product Design From 1999 to 2019.

Understanding consumer cognitive and affective needs is a complex and tricky challenge for consumer studies. Creating and defining product attributes that meet the consumers' personal wishes and needs in different contexts is a challenge that demands new perspectives because there are mismatches between the objective of companies and the consumer's objective, which indicates the need for products to become increasingly consumer-oriented. Product design approaches aim to bring the product and consumer closer together. The objective of this study is to investigate the application of the cognitive and affective needs of the consumer in product design through a systematic review of the literature of publications carried out in the last 20 years. This article selects research carried out in the specific area of cognitive and affective product design and defines the state of the art of the main areas, challenges, and trends. The conclusion that was reached is that cognitive approaches have been updated, are more associated with technology, and so are focused and oriented toward the ease and friendliness of the product. In contrast, affective approaches are older and focus on the quality of life, satisfaction, pleasure, and friendliness of the product. This review indicates that the emotional focus of change for cognitive complexity is due to an understanding of the affective and emotional subjectivity of the consumers and how they can translate these requirements into product attributes. These approaches seem to lose their strength or preference in the areas of design and engineering for more rational and logical cognitive applications, and therefore are more statistically verifiable. Advances in neuroscience are focused on applications in marketing and consumer psychology and some cognitive and affective product designs.

A busca de solução para o ‘problema difícil’ da consciência:uma revisão das perspectivas de Chalmers, Dennett eDamásio / The search for a solution to the 'hard problem' of consciousness: a review of the perspectivesof Chalmers, Dennett, and Damasio

A partir das abordagens dos filósofos contemporâneos David J. Chalmers e Daniel C.Dennett, com suas explicações lógicas sobre o fenômeno da consciência, e oentendimento do neurocientista Antônio Damásio, esta revisão crítica pretendeanalisar o “problema difícil” da consciência sob a perspectiva dos autores. Aconcebilidade lógica de Chalmers, de um mundo zumbi, é criticado por Dennett, poisna sua interpretação, os zumbis não seriam diferentes dos humanos dentro destaideia epifenomenal. Para Dennett, não temos essa consciência fenomenalhomuncular, como sugeriu Chalmers. Inspirado pelo trabalho do filósofo modernoEspinosa, o neurocientista Antônio Damásio desenvolve uma compreensão sobre arelação entre cérebro e a mente consciente, que parece complementar asabordagens de Chalmers e Dennett e abre precedentes para uma perspectivamultidisciplinar entre filosofia e ciência. A presente revisão considera umaperspectiva epistemológica através de um cruzamento entre filosofia e ciência, a fimde contribuir com uma visão teórica multidisciplinar sobre o “problema difícil” daconsciência. As análises conduzem ao entendimento da experiência consciente,referida como “problema difícil”, que diz respeito à experiência subjetiva daconsciência associada à questão de como e o porquê do problema cognitivo seracompanhado da experiência qualitativa do sujeito.

From the approaches of contemporary philosophers David J. Chalmers and Daniel C.Dennett, with their logical explanations on the phenomenon of consciousness, andthe understanding of the neuroscientist Antonio Damasio, this critic review aims toanalyze the "hard problem" of consciousness under the perspective of such authors.Chalmers’s logical conceivability of a zombie world is criticized by Dennett, for in hisinterpretation zombies would be no different from humans within this epiphenomenalidea. For Dennett, we do not have this homuncular phenomenal consciousness, assuggested by Chalmers. Inspired by the work of modern philosopher Spinosa, theneuroscientist Damasio develops an understanding about the relation between thebrain and the conscious mind which seems to complement the approaches ofChalmers and Dennett and opens precedents for a multidisciplinary perspectivebetween philosophy and science. The present review considers an epistemologicalperspective through the cross between philosophy and science to contribute with amultidisciplinary theoretical view on the “hard problem” of consciousness. Theanalyzes lead to the understanding of conscious experience, referred to as a "hardproblem", which concerns the subjective experience of the consciousness associatedwith the question of how and why the cognitive problem is accompanied by thequalitative experience of the subject.

A busca de solução para o 'problema difícil' da consciência: uma revisão das perspectivas de Chalmers, Dennett e Damásio / The search for a solution to the 'hard problem' of consciousness: a review of the perspectivesof Chalmers, Dennett, and Damasio

A partir das abordagens dos filósofos contemporâneos David J. Chalmers e Daniel C.Dennett, com suas explicações lógicas sobre o fenômeno da consciência, e o entendimento do neurocientista Antônio Damásio, esta revisão crítica pretende analisar o "problema difícil" da consciência sob a perspectiva dos autores. Aconcebilidade lógica de Chalmers, de um mundo zumbi, é criticado por Dennett, poisna sua interpretação, os zumbis não seriam diferentes dos humanos dentro desta ideia epifenomenal. Para Dennett, não temos essa consciência fenomenal homuncular, como sugeriu Chalmers. Inspirado pelo trabalho do filósofo moderno Espinosa, o neurocientista Antônio Damásio desenvolve uma compreensão sobre a relação entre cérebro e a mente consciente, que parece complementar as abordagens de Chalmers e Dennett e abre precedentes para uma perspectiva multidisciplinar entre filosofia e ciência. A presente revisão considera uma perspectiva epistemológica através de um cruzamento entre filosofia e ciência, a fim de contribuir com uma visão teórica multidisciplinar sobre o "problema difícil" da consciência. As análises conduzem ao entendimento da experiência consciente,referida como "problema difícil", que diz respeito à experiência subjetiva da consciência associada à questão de como e o porquê do problema cognitivo sera companhado da experiência qualitativa do sujeito.

From the approaches of contemporary philosophers David J. Chalmers and Daniel C.Dennett, with their logical explanations on the phenomenon of consciousness, andthe understanding of the neuroscientist Antonio Damasio, this critic review aims toanalyze the "hard problem" of consciousness under the perspective of such authors.Chalmers's logical conceivability of a zombie world is criticized by Dennett, for in hisinterpretation zombies would be no different from humans within this epiphenomenalidea. For Dennett, we do not have this homuncular phenomenal consciousness, assuggested by Chalmers. Inspired by the work of modern philosopher Spinosa, theneuroscientist Damasio develops an understanding about the relation between thebrain and the conscious mind which seems to complement the approaches ofChalmers and Dennett and opens precedents for a multidisciplinary perspectivebetween philosophy and science. The present review considers an epistemologicalperspective through the cross between philosophy and science to contribute with amultidisciplinary theoretical view on the "hard problem" of consciousness. Theanalyzes lead to the understanding of conscious experience, referred to as a "hardproblem", which concerns the subjective experience of the consciousness associatedwith the question of how and why the cognitive problem is accompanied by thequalitative experience of the subject.

Escala de Perceção dos Alunos sobre o seu Envolvimento Comportamental Escolar: Construção e Validação / Scale of Student Perceptions Regarding their Behavioral Engagement in School: Construction and Validation

RESUMO Este estudo descreve a construção e validação de uma escala que avalia a perceção dos alunos sobre o seu envolvimento comportamental escolar. Os questionários foram aplicados a 1089 alunos do 6 º, 7 º, 9 º e 10º anos de escolaridade (idade mediana = 13) em Portugal Continental, a partir dos quais foram extraídas duas subamostras aleatórias. Uma subamostra foi submetida a análise fatorial exploratória e a segunda, a uma análise fatorial confirmatória. Emergiram duas dimensões: envolvimento no trabalho acadêmico e participação na aula. A primeira escala revelou uma consistência interna aceitável, revelando-se útil e adequada para avaliar as percepções dos alunos sobre o seu envolvimento comportamental escolar. A segunda dimensão necessita de maior desenvolvimento em futuras investigações.

ABSTRACT This study presents the construction and validation of a scale evaluating student perceptions regarding their behavioral engagement in school. The questionnaire was administered to 1089 students attending the 6th, 7th, 9th and 10th grades (median age = 13 years) in Continental Portugal, from which two samples were randomly selected. One of the samples was submitted to exploratory factor analysis; the second sample was submitted to confirmatory factor analysis. Two dimensions emerged: involvement in academic work and class participation. The first scale presented acceptable internal consistency, and is useful and appropriate to evaluate students' perceptions regarding their behavioral engagement in school. The second dimension requires further research and development.