Rapid anisotropic photoconductive response of ZnO-coated aligned carbon nanotube sheets.

We investigate the rapid and anisotropic UV-induced photoconductive response of hybrid thin films comprising zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs) directly grown on horizontally aligned (HA-) carbon nanotube (CNT) sheets. The films exhibit anisotropic photoconductivity; along the CNTs, conductivity is dominated by the CNTs and the photoconductive gain is lower, whereas perpendicular to the CNTs the photoconductive gain is higher because transport is influenced by ZnO nanoclusters bridging CNT-CNT contacts. Because of the distributed electrical contact provided by the large number of ZnO NWs on top of the HACNT film, this hybrid nanoarchitecture has a significantly greater photocurrent than reported for single ZnO NW-based devices at comparable UV illumination intensity. Moreover, the hybrid architecture where a thin basal film of ZnO ohmically contacts metallic CNTs enables rapid transport of photogenerated electrons from ZnO to CNTs, resulting in sub-second photoresponse upon pulsed illumination. The built-in potential generated across ZnO-CNT heterojunctions competes with the externally applied bias to control the photocurrent amplitude and direction. By tuning the anisotropic conductivity of the CNT network and the morphology of the ZnO or potentially other nanostructured coatings, this material architecture may be engineered in the future to realize high-performance optical and chemical sensors.

Carbon nanotubes: present and future commercial applications.

Worldwide commercial interest in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is reflected in a production capacity that presently exceeds several thousand tons per year. Currently, bulk CNT powders are incorporated in diverse commercial products ranging from rechargeable batteries, automotive parts, and sporting goods to boat hulls and water filters. Advances in CNT synthesis, purification, and chemical modification are enabling integration of CNTs in thin-film electronics and large-area coatings. Although not yet providing compelling mechanical strength or electrical or thermal conductivities for many applications, CNT yarns and sheets already have promising performance for applications including supercapacitors, actuators, and lightweight electromagnetic shields.

Diverse 3D microarchitectures made by capillary forming of carbon nanotubes.

A new technology called capillary forming enables transformation of vertically aligned nanoscale filaments into complex three-dimensional microarchitectures. We demonstrate capillary forming of carbon nanotubes into diverse forms having intricate bends, twists, and multidirectional textures. In addition to their novel geometries, these structures have mechanical stiffness exceeding that of microfabrication polymers, and can be used as masters for replica molding

Bending of nanoscale filament assemblies by elastocapillary densification.

We report a mechanism by which nanoscale filaments self-assemble into asymmetric aggregates by elastocapillary action. Specifically, capillary rise of liquid into an asymmetric pattern of vertically aligned filaments causes the filaments to deflect laterally during elastocapillary densification. We quantitatively show that the lateral deflection can be controlled precisely by the pattern shape and the coupling strength among the filaments. We exploit this mechanism to fabricate asymmetric micropillars and multidirectional bridges of densely packed carbon nanotubes. Analogous behavior occurs as biological filaments interact with liquids, and these findings enable scalable fabrication of anisotropic filament assemblies for manipulating surface interactions between solids and liquids.