Remediation of distilleries wastewater using chitosan immobilized Bentonite and Bentonite based organoclays.

Organic-inorganic nanocomposite, namely chitosan immobilized Bentonite (CIB) with chitosan content of 5% was synthesized in an acetic acid solution (2%). Organically modified CIB and Bentonite (mbent.) were prepared by intercalating cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a cationic surfactant at doses equivalent to 1.5 and 3 times the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of clay. The prepared samples were characterized using FTIR, XRD and SEM to explore the interlayer structure and morphology of the resultant nanocomposites. The remediation of distilleries (vinasse) wastewater process was carried out using different adsorbents including CIB, modified CIB (mCIB), Bentonite (bent.), modified Bentonite (mbent.) and chitosan at different contact time. The results showed that the packing density of surfactant used in the synthesis of organoclays strongly affects the sorption capacity of the clay mineral and also showed that (mCIB)3 was found to be the most effective sorbent in the purification of distilleries wastewater with 83% chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction and 78% color removal.

Biotransformation of extracted digitoxin from Digitalis lanata by Streptomyces.

The biotransformation of digitoxin and some of its derivatives extracted from Digitalis lanata by Streptomyces isolated species was investigated. Cultures of a Streptomyces strain designated EUSA2003B, isolated from an Egyptian soil sample, efficiently induced selective 12beta-hydroxylation of the steroid aglycone of digitoxin (DT) and its alpha-acetyl and beta-methyl derivatives. The transformation reaction was performed within a 5-day fermentation process, products were isolated and their aglycone moiety was obtained by acid hydrolysis and their structures were elucidated by 13C and 1H NMR. The biotransformation resulted mainly digoxin (DG, approximately 87%), meanwhile, digoxigenone (DGON, approximately 7.0%) was also afforded as a side product. The present study revealed that: 1-Streptomyces isolate EUSA2003B harbors its specific 12beta-hydroxlase and has the capability to transform DT and it's alpha-acetyl and beta-methyl derivatives into their corresponding digoxins at reasonable yields. 2-The minor structural differences in the trisaccharide side chain seemed ineffective on the transformational capability of this organism. 3-The Streptomyces might also possess a specific glycosidase that splits the saccharidic side chain beside another dehydrogenase that oxidizes C3 at the steroid nucleus into its ketone form (DGON).

Ozone formation in the greater Cairo area.

Ozone formation in the greater Cairo area was studied in 1990 in a 3-week measurement period performed at three sites (Shoubra El-Kheima, Mokattam Hill, Helwan), covering a north-south direction of 27 km, and in 1991, from the beginning of April until the end of October, by measurement of the seasonal variation of ozone at one site at El-Kobba. The sinusoidal shape in the diurnal volume fraction plots with peak values of 120 ppb and daily mean value of 50 ppb throughout the year indicate a substantial contribution of photochemistry to the ozone content of the atmosphere. Ozone is produced predominantly over the industrial area in the north and in the centre of Cairo and transported southward by the prevailing northerly winds. Contrary to many urban areas in Europe and in North America, fairly high average ozone levels of 40 ppb are observed during the night throughout the spring and the summer. This may imply that health hazards and crop damage are higher in the greater Cairo area than in Central Europe.