Discovery of a phenylpyrazole amide ROCK inhibitor as a tool molecule for in vivo studies.

Structure-activity relationship optimization on a series of phenylpyrazole amides led to the identification of a dual ROCK1 and ROCK2 inhibitor (25) which demonstrated good potency, kinome selectivity and favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. Compound 25 was selected as a tool molecule for in vivo studies including evaluating hemodynamic effects in telemeterized mice, from which moderate decreases in blood pressure were observed.

Identification of Reversible Small Molecule Inhibitors of Endothelial Lipase (EL) That Demonstrate HDL-C Increase In Vivo.

Endothelial lipase (EL) hydrolyzes phospholipids in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) resulting in reduction in plasma HDL levels. Studies with murine transgenic, KO, or loss-of-function variants strongly suggest that inhibition of EL will lead to sustained plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increase and, potentially, a reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Herein, we describe the discovery of a series of oxadiazole ketones, which upon optimization, led to the identification of compound 12. Compound 12 was evaluated in a mouse pharmacodynamics (PD) model and demonstrated a 56% increase in plasma HDL-C. In a mouse reverse cholesterol transport study, compound 12 stimulated cholesterol efflux by 53% demonstrating HDL-C functionality.

Benzothiazole-based compounds as potent endothelial lipase inhibitors.

A series of benzothiazoles with a cyano group was synthesized and evaluated as endothelial lipase (EL) inhibitors for the potential treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Efforts to reduce molecular weight and polarity in the series led to improved physicochemical properties of these compounds, as well as selectivity for EL over hepatic lipase (HL). As a benchmark compound, 8i demonstrated potent EL activity, an acceptable absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME) profile and pharmacokinetic (PK) exposure which allowed further evaluation in preclinical animal efficacy studies.

Discovery of a Lead Triphenylethanamine Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) Inhibitor.

Lead optimization of the diphenylpyridylethanamine (DPPE) and triphenylethanamine (TPE) series of CETP inhibitors to improve their pharmaceutical profile is described. Polar groups at the N-terminus position in the DPPE series resulted in further improvement in potency and pharmaceutical properties concomitant with retaining the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic (PK) profile. A structure-activity relationship observed in the DPPE series was extended to the corresponding analogs in the more potent TPE series, and further optimization resulted in the identification of 2-amino-N-((R)-1-(3-cyclopropoxy-4-fluorophenyl)-1-(3-fluoro-5-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl)-2-phenylethyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-hydroxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)butanamide (13). Compound 13 demonstrated no significant changes in either mean arterial blood pressure or heart rate in telemetry rats, had an excellent PK profile, and demonstrated robust efficacy in human CETP/apo-B-100 dual transgenic mice and in hamsters.

Identification of substituted benzothiazole sulfones as potent and selective inhibitors of endothelial lipase.

A low level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. HDL reduces inflammation and plays a central role in reverse cholesterol transport, where cholesterol is removed from peripheral tissues and atherosclerotic plaque. One approach to increase plasma HDL is through inhibition of endothelial lipase (EL). EL hydrolyzes phospholipids in HDL resulting in reduction of plasma HDL. A series of benzothiazole sulfone amides was optimized for EL inhibition potency, lipase selectivity and improved pharmacokinetic profile leading to the identification of Compound 32. Compound 32 was evaluated in a mouse pharmacodynamic model and found to show no effect on HDL cholesterol level despite achieving targeted plasma exposure (Ctrough > 15 fold over mouse plasma EL IC50 over 4 days).

Discovery and synthesis of tetrahydropyrimidinedione-4-carboxamides as endothelial lipase inhibitors.

Endothelial lipase (EL) inhibitors have been shown to elevate HDL-C levels in pre-clinical murine models and have potential benefit in prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Modification of the 1-ethyl-3-hydroxy-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one (DHP) lead, 1, led to the discovery of a series of potent tetrahydropyrimidinedione (THP) EL inhibitors. Synthesis and SAR studies including modification of the amide group, together with changes on the pyrimidinone core led to a series of arylcycloalkyl, indanyl, and tetralinyl substituted 5-amino or 5-hydroxypyrimidinedione-4-carboxamides. Several compounds were advanced to PK evaluation. Among them, compound 4a was one of the most potent with measurable ELHDL hSerum potency and compound 3g demonstrated the best overall pharmacokinetic parameters.

PK/PD Disconnect Observed with a Reversible Endothelial Lipase Inhibitor.

Screening of a small set of nonselective lipase inhibitors against endothelial lipase (EL) identified a potent and reversible inhibitor, N-(3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)propyl)-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-4-carboxamide (5; EL IC50 = 61 nM, ELHDL IC50 = 454 nM). Deck mining identified a related hit, N-(3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)propyl)-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide (6a; EL IC50 = 41 nM, ELHDL IC50 = 1760 nM). Both compounds were selective against lipoprotein lipase (LPL) but nonselective versus hepatic lipase (HL). Optimization of compound 6a for EL inhibition using HDL as substrate led to N-(4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)butan-2-yl)-1-ethyl-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide (7c; EL IC50 = 148 nM, ELHDL IC50 = 218 nM) having improved PK over compound 6a, providing a tool molecule to test for the ability to increase HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in vivo using a reversible EL inhibitor. Compound 7c did not increase HDL-C in vivo despite achieving plasma exposures targeted on the basis of enzyme activity and protein binding demonstrating the need to develop more physiologically relevant in vitro assays to guide compound progression for in vivo evaluation.

Sulfonylated Benzothiazoles as Inhibitors of Endothelial Lipase.

Endothelial lipase (EL) selectively metabolizes high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. Inhibition of EL has been shown to increase HDL concentration in preclinical animal models and was targeted as a potential treatment of atherosclerosis. We describe the introduction of an α-sulfone moiety to a benzothiazole series of EL inhibitors resulting in increased potency versus EL. Optimization for selectivity versus hepatic lipase and pharmacokinetic properties resulted in the discovery of 24, which showed good in vitro potency and bioavailability but, unexpectedly, did not increase HDL in the mouse pharmacodynamic model at the target plasma exposure.

What is a Trophic Cascade?

Few concepts in ecology have been so influential as that of the trophic cascade. Since the 1980s, the term has been a central or major theme of more than 2000 scientific articles. Despite this importance and widespread usage, basic questions remain about what constitutes a trophic cascade. Inconsistent usage of language impedes scientific progress and the utility of scientific concepts in management and conservation. Herein, we offer a definition of trophic cascade that is designed to be both widely applicable yet explicit enough to exclude extraneous interactions. We discuss our proposed definition and its implications, and define important related terms, thereby providing a common language for scientists, policy makers, conservationists, and other stakeholders with an interest in trophic cascades.

Genetic Analysis of 'PAX6-Negative' Individuals with Aniridia or Gillespie Syndrome.

We report molecular genetic analysis of 42 affected individuals referred with a diagnosis of aniridia who previously screened as negative for intragenic PAX6 mutations. Of these 42, the diagnoses were 31 individuals with aniridia and 11 individuals referred with a diagnosis of Gillespie syndrome (iris hypoplasia, ataxia and mild to moderate developmental delay). Array-based comparative genomic hybridization identified six whole gene deletions: four encompassing PAX6 and two encompassing FOXC1. Six deletions with plausible cis-regulatory effects were identified: five that were 3' (telomeric) to PAX6 and one within a gene desert 5' (telomeric) to PITX2. Sequence analysis of the FOXC1 and PITX2 coding regions identified two plausibly pathogenic de novo FOXC1 missense mutations (p.Pro79Thr and p.Leu101Pro). No intragenic mutations were detected in PITX2. FISH mapping in an individual with Gillespie-like syndrome with an apparently balanced X;11 reciprocal translocation revealed disruption of a gene at each breakpoint: ARHGAP6 on the X chromosome and PHF21A on chromosome 11. In the other individuals with Gillespie syndrome no mutations were identified in either of these genes, or in HCCS which lies close to the Xp breakpoint. Disruption of PHF21A has previously been implicated in the causation of intellectual disability (but not aniridia). Plausibly causative mutations were identified in 15 out of 42 individuals (12/32 aniridia; 3/11 Gillespie syndrome). Fourteen of these mutations presented in the known aniridia genes; PAX6, FOXC1 and PITX2. The large number of individuals in the cohort with no mutation identified suggests greater locus heterogeneity may exist in both isolated and syndromic aniridia than was previously appreciated.

Triphenylethanamine Derivatives as Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibitors: Discovery of N-[(1R)-1-(3-Cyclopropoxy-4-fluorophenyl)-1-[3-fluoro-5-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl]-2-phenylethyl]-4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (BMS-795311).

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors raise HDL-C in animals and humans and may be antiatherosclerotic by enhancing reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). In this article, we describe the lead optimization efforts resulting in the discovery of a series of triphenylethanamine (TPE) ureas and amides as potent and orally available CETP inhibitors. Compound 10g is a potent CETP inhibitor that maximally inhibited cholesteryl ester (CE) transfer activity at an oral dose of 1 mg/kg in human CETP/apoB-100 dual transgenic mice and increased HDL cholesterol content and size comparable to torcetrapib (1) in moderately-fat fed hamsters. In contrast to the off-target liabilities with 1, no blood pressure increase was observed with 10g in rat telemetry studies and no increase of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) was detected in H295R cells. On the basis of its preclinical profile, compound 10g was advanced into preclinical safety studies.

Diphenylpyridylethanamine (DPPE)-based aminoheterocycles as cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors.

A series of diphenylpyridylethanamine-based inhibitors of cholesteryl ester transfer protein with aminoheterocycles appended onto the N-terminus of the chemotype were explored as urea mimetics. Potent compounds were discovered and were further optimized to improve metabolic stability and PXR transactivation profile.

Identification of a potent and metabolically stable series of fluorinated diphenylpyridylethanamine-based cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors.

A novel series of diphenylpyridylethanamine-based inhibitors of cholesteryl ester transfer protein is described. Optimization of the urea moiety, particularly by incorporation of fluorine, is explored to balance in vitro metabolic stability with CETP potency in the whole plasma assay.

Diphenylpyridylethanamine (DPPE) derivatives as cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors.

A series of diphenylpyridylethanamine (DPPE) derivatives was identified exhibiting potent CETP inhibition. Replacing the labile ester functionality in the initial lead 7 generated a series of amides and ureas. Further optimization of the DPPE series for potency resulted in the discovery of cyclopentylurea 15d, which demonstrated a reduction in cholesterol ester transfer activity (48% of predose level) in hCETP/apoB-100 dual transgenic mice. The PK profile of 15d was suboptimal, and further optimization of the N-terminus resulted in the discovery of amide 20 with an improved PK profile and robust efficacy in transgenic hCETP/apoB-100 mice and in hamsters. Compound 20 demonstrated no significant changes in either mean arterial blood pressure or heart rate in telemeterized rats despite sustained high exposures.

Educational paper : retinal haemorrhages in abusive head trauma in children.

Retinal haemorrhages are an important component of the clinical effects of non-accidental head injuries which have significant visual morbidity. Their importance extends into the legal investigations of carers of children with subdural haemorrhages and encephalopathy who are suspected of having been non-accidentally injured. The vital precision in diagnosis relies not just on the presence of retinal haemorrhages but on the severity, extent, bilaterality and their location in the retina. Inadequate documentation of ophthalmological clinical findings and too short a follow-up to allow proper assessment of severity each give rise to difficulties for both expert witnesses and the courts.

2-Arylbenzoxazoles as novel cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors: optimization via array synthesis.

2-Arylbenzoxazole 5 was identified as a hit from a fluorescence-based high-throughput screen for CETP inhibitors. The synthesis and SAR investigation employing array synthesis of the A- and B-rings are described.

Potent and selective biphenyl azole inhibitors of adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (aFABP).

Herein we report the first disclosure of biphenyl azoles that are nanomolar binders of adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (aFABP or aP2) with up to thousand-fold selectivity against muscle fatty acid binding protein and epidermal fatty acid binding protein. In addition a new radio-ligand to determine binding against the three fatty acid binding proteins was also synthesized.