RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The way in which socioeconomic status (SES) moderates the etiology of reading attainment has been explored many times, with past work often finding that genetic influences are suppressed under conditions of socioeconomic deprivation and more fully realized under conditions of socioeconomic advantage: a gene-SES interaction. Additionally, past work has pointed toward the presence of gene-location interactions, with the relative influence of genes and environment varying across geographic regions of the same country/state. METHOD: This study investigates the extent to which SES and geographical location interact to moderate the genetic and environmental components of reading attainment. Utilizing data from 2,135 twin pairs in Florida (mean age 13.82 years, range 10.71-17.77), the study operationalized reading attainment as reading comprehension scores from a statewide test and SES as household income. We applied a spatial twin analysis procedure to investigate how twin genetic and environmental estimates vary by geographic location. We then expanded this analysis to explore how the moderating role of SES on said genetic and environmental influences also varied by geographic location. RESULTS: A gene-SES interaction was found, with heritability of reading being suppressed in lower- (23%) versus higher-SES homes (78%). The magnitude of the moderating parameters were not consistent by location, however, and ranged from -0.10 to 0.10 for the moderating effect on genetic influences, and from -0.30 to 0.05 for the moderating effect on environmental influences. For smaller areas and those with less socioeconomic variability, the magnitude of the genetic moderating parameter was high, giving rise to more fully realized genetic influences on reading there. CONCLUSIONS: SES significantly influences reading variability. However, a child's home location matters in both the overall etiology and how strongly SES moderates said etiologies. These results point toward the presence of multiple significant environmental factors that simultaneously, and inseparably, influence the underlying etiology of reading attainment.
RESUMO
The Florida State Twin Registry began in 2002 through a pilot study of personality disorders and executive cognitive functioning in adult twins. Since 2006, the registry has grown substantially as part of the Learning Disability Research Center at Florida State University that recently began its second funding cycle through the National Institute of Child Health and Development. An update on the Florida State Twin Registry sample, focus, and measures is provided, as well as future directions.
Assuntos
Transtornos Cognitivos/psicologia , Doenças em Gêmeos/psicologia , Deficiências da Aprendizagem/psicologia , Sistema de Registros , Gêmeos Dizigóticos/genética , Gêmeos Monozigóticos/genética , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Transtornos Cognitivos/epidemiologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/genética , Doenças em Gêmeos/epidemiologia , Doenças em Gêmeos/genética , Feminino , Florida/epidemiologia , Humanos , Deficiências da Aprendizagem/epidemiologia , Deficiências da Aprendizagem/genética , Masculino , Projetos PilotoRESUMO
Linehan's biosocial theory of borderline personality disorder (BPD) was tested in a sample of 1,044 female college students. Relationships between self-reported BPD symptoms, two personality traits (negative emotionality and constraint), and three key variables from the biosocial theory (emotional vulnerability, invalidation, and emotional dysregulation) were examined using structural equation modeling. Consistent with the biosocial theory, the best fitting model indicated that emotional vulnerability and emotional dysregulation were uniquely related to BPD symptoms after controlling for personality traits, and that dysregulation mediated the relationship between emotional vulnerability and BPD. However, invalidation was not significantly associated with BPD and could be dropped from that model. The full model with Linehan's constructs and personality traits explained 58% of the variance in BPD and, as expected, explained considerably less variance in symptoms of other Cluster B PDs. The present results highlight the incremental value of the Linehan's theory and its specificity to BPD.
Assuntos
Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline/psicologia , Emoções , Teoria Psicológica , Adolescente , Adulto , Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline/diagnóstico , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Psicológicos , Determinação da Personalidade , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Relatively little is known about the relationship of most personality disorders to executive cognitive functioning despite their associations with frontal cortex activity. Research on genetic influence is lacking for most personality disorders, and research on genetic influences associated with executive cognitive functioning is sparse and mixed. The Florida State Twin Registry was created to conduct a pilot twin study aimed at examining genetic influence on personality disorders and executive cognitive functioning. Measures included structured clinical interviews for symptoms and diagnoses of personality disorders (borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, obsessive-compulsive, avoidant, and dependent), depression, substance abuse/dependence, anxiety disorders, and eating disorders. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Stroop Color-Word Test were administered to assess executive cognitive functioning. Self-report questionnaires were included to assess maladaptive personality traits. Data sharing and future directions for growing the Florida State Twin Registry are discussed.
