Is nociplastic pain, a new pain category, associated with biochemical, hematological, and inflammatory parameters?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between biochemical, hematological, and inflammatory parameters and pain in patients with nociplastic pain. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 8632 patients, aged between 20 and 65, were evaluated according to the nociplastic pain diagnosis criteria determined by IASP. Excluding individuals who did not meet the criteria for nociplastic pain, the study included a total of 660 participants. The biochemical, hematological, and inflammatory parameters of all individuals were examined. The pain levels of the patients were assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The patients were categorized based on nociplastic pain types and pain regions for evaluation. RESULTS: In this study, the female gender was more prevalent both in all nociplastic pain categories and in all pain region groups (p < 0.05). In the nociplastic pain categories, it was observed that vitamin D levels were lower in patients with chronic widespread pain, while ferritin and C-reactive protein levels were higher in patients with chronic primary musculoskeletal pain. Among patients with chronic widespread pain with low hemoglobin and/or ferritin levels, the Visual Analog Scale activity score was higher. For patients with chronic widespread pain and low vitamin D levels and/or high erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels, the Visual Analog Scale rest score was higher. In patients with fibromyalgia and high parathyroid hormone levels, the Visual Analog Scale activity score was higher. For patients with fibromyalgia and high Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio levels, the Visual Analog Scale rest score was higher. In patients with chronic primary musculoskeletal pain and high erythrocyte sedimentation rate and/or C-reactive protein levels, the Visual Analog Scale activity score was higher. While vitamin B12 levels were found to be lower in patients with widespread pain, no significant relationship was identified between electrolytes, other blood count results, and nociplastic pain. CONCLUSION: In our study, it was observed that levels of vitamin D in individuals with nociplastic pain were low, while erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio were high, and hemoglobin and ferritin levels were elevated. Furthermore, these findings were found to be associated with both the presence of pain and the severity of pain assessed using the visual analog scale.

Scapular dyskinesis and loss of cervical lordosis in myofascial pain syndrome and its effects on pain and posture disorders.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate scapular dyskinesia and loss of cervical lordosis in myofascial pain syndrome and its effects on pain and posture disorders. Patients and methods: In this cross-sectional study, 101 individuals (74 females, 27 males; mean age: 44.3±8.8 years; range, 25 to 60 years) with chronic neck pain were recruited between January 2021 and February 2021. Demographic and clinical data of the patients were recorded. Visual Analog Scale (VAS), posture evaluation form, the scapular dyskinesia test, the lateral scapular shift test, and Cobb's methods for cervical angle measurements were used in the evaluation of the patients. Results: In the study population, 52.25% of patients had loss of cervical lordosis, and 44.5% of patients had scapular dyskinesia. It was observed that the VAS activity score was significantly higher in individuals with loss of cervical lordosis, all VAS scores and pain duration were significantly higher in individuals with scapular dyskinesia (p<0.05). Shoulder elevation, rounded shoulder, forward head posture, and kyphosis were significantly higher in patients with scapular dyskinesia, while thoracic kyphosis was significantly higher in patients with both scapular dyskinesia and loss of cervical lordosis (p<0.05). The presence of trigger points was found to be significantly higher in patients with scapular dyskinesia and in patients with both scapular dyskinesia and loss of cervical lordosis (p<0.05). Conclusion: In patients with chronic neck pain diagnosed with myofascial pain syndrome, the presence of loss of cervical lordosis and scapular dyskinesia have negative effects on pain and posture.

The prevalence of scapular dyskinesia in patients with back, neck, and shoulder pain and the effect of this combination on pain and muscle shortness.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of scapular dyskinesia in patients with neck, back, and shoul-der pain and examine the variations in clinical parameters cause by this combination. METHODS: A total of 121 patients with neck, back, or shoulder pain were included in this prospective cross-sectional study. De-mographic and clinical data of the patients were recorded. It was evaluated the intensity of pain with the visual analog scale (VAS), the presence of muscle shortness with muscle shortness tests, and scapular dyskinesia with the Lateral Scapular Slide Test. RESULTS: The prevalence of scapular dyskinesia was 41.9% in the study population. Patients were divided into groups, with or without scapular dyskinesia for evaluation, and compared. The presence of scapular dyskinesia was significantly higher in pa-tients with back and shoulder pain (p<0.05). When the distribution of scapular dyskinesia pathological types was evaluated, it was found that Type 1 was the most common in the study population. No significant difference was observed in pain intensity at rest and during activity between the groups (p>0.05), but the VAS score at night was significantly higher in patients with scapular dyskinesia (p<0.05). The pectoral, latissimus dorsi, and rhomboids muscle shortness were significantly higher in the group with scapular dyskinesia (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The evaluation of the presence of scapular dyskinesia in a physical examination in patients with neck, back, and/or shoulder pain will be a guide for the diagnosis and treatment of pain-related problems.

Determination of the Prevalence From Clinical Diagnosis of Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction in Patients With Lumbar Disc Hernia and an Evaluation of the Effect of This Combination on Pain and Quality of Life.

STUDY DESIGN: A prospective cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of sacroiliac joint dysfunction in patients with lumbar disc hernia and examine the variations in clinical parameters cause by this combination. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Although one of the many agents leading to lumbar pain is sacroiliac dysfunction, little progress has still been made to evaluate mechanical pain from sacroiliac joint dysfunction within the context of differential diagnosis of lumbar pain. METHODS: Two hundred thirty-four patients already diagnosed with lumbar disc hernia were included in the study. During the evaluation, sacroiliac joint dysfunction was investigated using specific tests, pain levels with a Visual Analog Scale, and the presence of neuropathic pain using Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs Pain Scale. Other clinical assessments were performed using the Beck Depression Inventory, Health Assessment Questionnaire, and Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale. RESULTS: 63.2% of patients were female and 36.8% were male. Mean age was 46.72 ±â€Š11.14 years. The level of sacroiliac joint dysfunction was 33.3% in the research population. In terms of sex distribution, the proportion of women was higher in the group with sacroiliac joint dysfunction (P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in pain intensity assessed using a Visual Pain Scale between the groups (P > 0.05), but the level of neuropathic pain was significantly higher in the group with dysfunction (P < 0.05). In the group with sacroiliac joint dysfunction, the presence of depression was significantly higher (P = 0.009), functional capacity was worse (P < 0.001), and the presence of kinesophobia was higher (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Our study results will be useful in attracting the attention of clinicians away from the intervertebral disc to the sacroiliac joint in order to avoid unnecessary and aggressive treatments. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2.

The Validity and Reliability of Provocation Tests in the Diagnosis of Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Although sacroiliac joint dysfunction (SIJD) is generally regarded as a source of lumbar pain, its anatomical position and the absence of a diagnostic 'gold standard' lead to difficulties at examination and differential diagnosis. However, since sacroiliac (SI) joint blocks only provide information about pathologies of joint origin and since SIJD developing secondary to pathologies in structures around the joint can be missed. Provocation and palpation tests also need to be used in diagnosis. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of clinical examination and provocation tests used in the diagnosis of SIJD. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. SETTING: Outpatient physical medicine and rehabilitation clinic. METHODS: One hundred and seventeen patients presenting with lumbar and/or leg pain and diagnosed with SIJD through clinical evaluation were included in the study. Range of lumbar joint movement, pain location and specific tests used in the diagnosis of SIJD were evaluated. Positivity in 3 out of 6 provocation tests was adopted as the criterion. RESULTS: 75.2% of patients were female and 24.8% were male. Mean age was 46.41 ± 10.45 years. A higher level of females was determined in ender distribution. SIJD was determined on the right in 52.6% of patients and on the left in 47.4%. When SI joint provocation tests were analyzed individually, the highest positivity, in 91.4% patients diagnosed with SIJD, was in the FABER test. The lowest positivity, in 56.4% of patients, was determined in the Ganslen test. The same patients were assessed by the same clinician at 2 different times. In these data, the simple consistence, kappa and PABAK coefficient values of all tests were close to 1 and indicating good agreement. The thigh thrust (POSH) and sacral thrust tests exhibited very good agreement with a kappa coefficient of 0.90 and a PABAK coefficient of 0.92, while the FABER test exhibited good agreement with a kappa coefficient of 0.78 and a PABAK coefficient of 0.92. LIMITATION: Agreement between different observers was not evaluated, and also no comparison was performed with SI joint injection, regarded as a widely used diagnostic technique. CONCLUSION: The anatomical position of the SI joint and the lack of a diagnostic 'gold standard' make the examination and diagnosis of SIJD difficult. Most SI joint clinical tests have limited reliability and validity on their own, while a multitest regimen consisting of SI joint pain provocation tests is a reliable method, and these tests can be used instead of unnecessary invasive diagnostic SI joint procedures. KEY WORDS: Dysfunction, lumbar, sacroiliac joint, provocation test, sacroiliac joint pain, pain pattern.