RESUMO
Pain after any surgical procedure is inevitable but can be controlled by administration of analgesics in most cases. Postoperative pain after surgical treatment of mandibular fractures can be treated by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioid analgesics. The purpose of this study is to critically compare the postoperative analgesic efficacy of small doses of intravenous TRAMADOL (opioid analgesic) versus LORNOXICAM (NSAID) in patients with mandibular trauma undergoing open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and to assess the presence of any adverse effects due to NSAID or opioid use. Forty adult ASA grade I-II patients with mandibular trauma, scheduled for ORIF under general anesthesia in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, were selected for the study. The patients were randomly assigned into a tramadol group (Group T) and a lornoxicam group (Group L) and were administered intravenous tramadol 50 mg and intravenous lornoxicam 8 mg, respectively, at specific postoperative intervals. Pain intensity was quantitatively assessed at the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 12th, and 24th postoperative hours using a visual analog scale of 10 cm. Adverse effects of the analgesics were also recorded and compared. Both the drugs resulted in a significant decrease in pain intensity from 2nd to 24th postoperative hours, but better pain control was observed in Group L at 24th postoperative hour. Only two patients experienced nausea and vomiting in Group T and one patient experienced gastric acidity in Group L. The comparative results clearly demonstrate that pain control by intravenous lornoxicam is significantly better than by intravenous tramadol at 24th postoperative hour after ORIF of mandibular trauma. Side effects produced by both the drugs were minor and had no apparent effect on the study results.
RESUMO
CONTEXT: Despite efforts in restorative therapy, children who experience Early Childhood Caries (ECC) continue to be at a higher risk for new lesions in both the primary and the permanent dentition. Early interventions which disrupt the pathobiology of caries need identification of all the causative or risk factors. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study dealt with the prevalence and associated risk factors of ECC among preschool children aged 3 to 5 years in Bengaluru city. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Information regarding risk factors was obtained through a structured questionnaire among a random sample of 1152 children. Clinical examination was performed by a trained dental professional using the modified WHO oral health survey format. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Chi-square, one-way ANOVA, correlation, multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of ECC among preschool children was 24.39% (P < 0.05), whereas the mean deft was 5.80 ± 8.90. The prevalence of ECC among males and females was 24.92% and 23.81%, respectively. 4.27% of children with ECC showed a history of prolonged breastfeeding beyond 2.5 years (P < 0.05). 50.18% of children had a history of using medications during bedtime/night. History of low birth weight was reported among 23.84% of ECC children. Only 13.52% of mothers claimed of getting a prenatal oral health care/counseling (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of ECC was seen in almost a quarter of the population with a high deft. A significant relation was associated only with the feeding duration and lack of prenatal oral health counseling provided to parents.
