Deformation Adjustment with Single Real Signature Image for Biometric Verification Using CNN.

Signature verification is the widely used biometric verification method for maintaining individual privacy. It is generally used in legal documents and in financial transactions. A vast range of research has been done so far to tackle different system issues, but there are various hot issues that remain unaddressed. The scale and orientation of the signatures are some issues to address, and the deformation of the signature within the genuine examples is the most critical for the verification system. The extent of this deformation is the basis for verifying a given sample as a genuine or forgery signature, but in the case of only a single signature sample for a class, the intra-class variation is not available for decision-making, making the task difficult. Besides this, most real-world signature verification repositories have only one genuine sample, and the verification system is abiding to verify the query signature with a single target sample. In this work, we utilize a two-phase system requiring only one target signature image to verify a query signature image. It takes care of the target signature's scaling, orientation, and spatial translation in the first phase. It creates a transformed signature image utilizing the affine transformation matrix predicted by a deep neural network. The second phase uses this transformed sample image and verifies the given sample as the target signature with the help of another deep neural network. The GPDS synthetic and MCYT datasets are used for the experimental analysis. The performance analysis of the proposed method is carried out on FAR, FRR, and AER measures. The proposed method obtained leading performance with 3.56 average error rate (AER) on GPDS synthetic, 4.15 AER on CEDAR, and 3.51 AER on MCYT-75 datasets.

Productions of cellulase from Pestalotiopsis versicolor.

Production of cellulase from Pestalotiopsis versicolor was studied in a shake flask culture. The cellulase system was found to be rich in beta-glucosidase. Kinetic parameters such as pH and temperature have been optimized for the various enzyme components.

Oxygen uptake capacity of the amphibious fish - Amphipnous cuchia (Ham) (Symbranchiformes, Amphipnoidae).

The O2 uptake capacity of Amphipnous cuchia has been determined in relation to standard temperature of 25 degrees C. The measurement of O2 uptake indicates nearly 75% of the oxygen demand to be met through the air breathing organs and 25% by the skin and vestigeal gill through water in a normal habitat. The total VO2 during aerial-aquatic gas exchange is 60.5 ml/kg/hr. The prevention of surfacing resulted in a lower O2 uptake rate (38.29 ml/kg/hr). During submergence, the utilisation of air sacs for extracting O2 by regular pumping of water in and out is peculiar to the fish. Under normal respiratory conditions (air + water), the slope for O2 uptake through air is 0.72, 0.23 for water and 0.57 for both air + water. The average ratio borne by the fish for aquatic/air breathing (ml/kg/min) is higher in fishes below 60 g body weight, and aquatic respiration predominates in fishes weighing less than 6.0 g.

Changes in the blood parameters of an air-breathing fish during different respiratory conditions.

Some of the blood parameters recorded in an air-breathing eel, Amphipnous cuchia under normal respiratory condition during non-breeding period (September-April) are haemoglobin (Hb) concentration 19.26%, haematocrit value 56.16%, RBC number 1.71 million/mm3, RBC size 18.86 X 9.70 mum, mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) 113.4 ng, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 34.2%, blood sugar 77 mg% and ascorbic acid 0.435 mg%. The higher concentration of haemoglobin (19.26%) appears to be related to its obligatory air breathing habit and habitat in a water of low oxygen content. Though a definite trend of increase in the haemoglobin and haematocrit concentration with an increase in the body weight of the fish was lacking, variations were clearly marked related to intrinsic activity of the fish connected with different respiratory conditions. Asphyxiation in a submerged but continuous flow of water (liter/h) for 5 1/2 h resulted in an increase in the above-mentioned parameters to an appreciable extent. These increases were 0.23 million/mm3 in the number of erythrocytes, 6.16% in haemoglobin concentration, 10% in haematocrit value, 20% in blood sugar and 35% in ascorbic acid content. The mean corpuscular haemoglobin showed a decline of 6.2%. Exclusive aerial breathing for 5 1/2 h also caused 7.4% increase in haemoglobin concentration, 9.4% in haematocrit value, 0.14 million/mm3 in RBC number, 20% in blood sugar level, 9% in ascorbic acid content but almost no change in mean corpuscular haemoglobin. The average surface area for diffusion of gases appeared to have reduced by 6.8 mum2 per RBC.

On the muscular fuel of the air sac in an air breathing fish.

The hyohyoideus muscle which is responsible for inflating and contracting the air sac in an air breathing fish, Amphipnous cuchia, belongs to white fibre type as it lacks muscle myoglobin. The muscle shows appreciable amount of glycogen and extracellular phospholipid globules. Staining of I bands in the muscle fibres with Alcian blue (1.0 less than or equal to pH less than or equal to 3.0) indicates presence of acid mucosubstances. The muscle does not show change in phospholipid content at the histochemical level but lowering of glycogen content (25 to 30%) when put to 51/2h of continuted physiological exercise. At the same time, increase in blood sugar level (20 to 30%) possibly indicates utilization of glycogen as the source of energy by the muscle. However, a clear cut priority of glycogen or phospholipid break down for energy source by the muscle could not be established.

A histochemical study on the respiratory epithelium of an eel fish - Amphipnous cuchia (Ham).

The respiratory epithelium of the air sac and that of the buccal cavity resemble each other in having high vascularization, very small air/blood pathway (below 1 mum), phospholipid, ascorbic acid content and having two morphologically distinct mucous cells. The larger mucous cells appear to secrete strongly acidic sulfated mucopolysaccharides while the smaller ones are responsible for secreting sialic acid containing glycoproteins. Elongated mucous cells with foamy cytoplasm and tapering apex of the vascularised buccal epithelium are similar in histochemical properties to the same type of mucous cells reported in the epidermis of the skin. These cells secrete weakly acid mucopolysaccharides. Negligible number of mucous cells are present along the margin of the fused gill filaments of the gill. Presence of large amount of scattered phospholipid globules in the respiratory epithelium appears to be true of all the air breathing fishes utilising oxygen from air. Foreceful water or air breathing for nearly 5 1/2 h by the fish does not indicate change of phospholipid content of the respiratory epithelium but prevention of surfacing a continuous flow of water system resulted in 35% increase in blood ascorbic acid and more concentration of vitamin C granules along the respiratory epithelium.