Comparison of Broder's and Bryne's Grading System for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma With Lymph Node Metastases and Prognosis: A Scoping Review.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has the highest mortality rate of any type of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. For many eons, the clinical TNM (tumor size, nodal metastasis, and distant metastasis) classification and histological grading of malignancies have been used to predict clinical behavior, confusing it with prognosis and overall survival. This review aimed to systematically identify and evaluate the prognostic value of Broder's and Bryne's grading system for OSCC. Electronic resources such as PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Google Scholar, Scopus, and direct web searches were used to conduct a thorough search. The titles were examined to identify relevant papers, which were then reviewed for inclusion by reading the abstract. To incorporate studies published outside of the electronic database, the bibliography of all recognized papers was scanned. This review examined all research that investigated the prognostic value of Broder's and Bryne's grading systems in OSCC. The electronic database search identified 221 articles. After reading full articles, based on the titles and abstracts and after removing duplicates, six articles were screened. Finally, six articles were selected based on their ability to meet the inclusion criteria and answer the research question. All studies analyzed the competence of this histological grading system in predicting the prognosis of OSCC patients. Four studies evaluated lymph node metastasis and two studies analyzed the histological grading of OSCC. While evaluating the histological grade, we recommend the application of Bryne's (1992) system for grading OSCC. The standardization of a single, effective method would make it easier to compare results from various studies. This grading system yields better interobserver agreement and bears a prognostic value which may help in devising a treatment strategy for better patient outcomes.

Evaluation of antifungal activity of vanilla pods silver nanoparticles against various oral candidal species: An in-vitro study.

Background: The oral health of individuals is undoubtedly affected by the fact that fungal microorganisms are currently resistant to the conventional antifungal drugs used. Still, there are numerous emerging therapeutic alternatives available like phytotherapy. The phytochemistry of various plant species has indicated that phytochemicals could be a better source of medicine with outstanding antifungal, healing, anti-inflammatory spectrum, and antioxidant properties. Aim: To evaluate the antifungal efficacy of silver nanoparticles of vanilla pods against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida krusei and to compare with Fluconazole. Materials and Methods: The vanilla pods were procured from the organic store. The aqueous extracts were prepared. Ten percent of the vanilla extract was utilized to generate the silver nanoparticles. The generated silver nanoparticles were characterized visually based on color change and confirmed by UV spectroscopy. Disk diffusion method was used to determine the antifungal activity of the vanilla pods reinforced silver nanoparticles at different concentrations (20 µl, 40 µ, 40n µ, and 80 µand 80ratioC. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. krusei. The antifungal efficacy of the produced nanoparticles was evaluated against a standard of ketoconazole (30 µ30. Results: Vanillin silver nanoparticles exhibit commendable antifungal activity against C. albicans, C. glabrata which is equivalent to that of ketoconazole, and amplified activity against drug-resistant C. krusei was evident. Conclusion: Silver nanoparticles from vanilla pods were studied and their wider zones of inhibition indicated exemplary antifungal efficacy compared with conventional antifungal drugs like ketoconazole. Clinical significance: Future research on vanillin nanocarrier systems might enhance their stability, bioavailability, and bioactivity. As an outcome, with some promising advances in this area, it would be captivating to pursue a systematic investigation into the potential effects of vanillin at the cellular and molecular levels. This will enable us to further assess its applicability as an active biopharmaceutical ingredient in mouthwashes, probiotic lozenges, and denture resin for use as an effective strategy against the biofilm growth of various Candida species.

p53 & Cyclin D1 expression in surgically resected clear margins of oral squamous cell carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most well-known malignancies that affect the human population worldwide. The early diagnosis and early intervention of OSCC help improve the survival rate of the patients. The tumour free surgical margins are a positive prognostic factor for recurrence-free survival. The molecular markers can be used to detect the tumour free surgical margins. Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the expression of p53 & Cyclin D1 marker in resected surgical apparently clear margins and to correlate the p53 & Cyclin D1 expression with clinicopathological characteristics and patient outcome. Methods: The study population included retrospective cases of OSCC with apparently clear margins (2017-18) n=10 and Clinicopathological variables relevant to survival analysis were recorded. Finally, two margins were selected from each case, a total of 20 margins were included in this study. Paraffin-embedded wax blocks retrieved and tissue sections were made. Expression of cyclin D1 and p 53 was assessed by the immunohistochemical staining procedure Results: Positive expressions Cyclin D1 in 40% of mild dysplasia margins and 60% in clearance adequate margins were present. p53 expression was seen in 16% of mild dysplasia margins and 84% in clearance adequate margins. The expression of p53 and Cyclin D1 molecular markers are noted in the basal & parabasal layer of epithelium. Conclusion: Molecular markers could play a more reliable method for the assessment of dysplasia at the margins

Cedarwood oil as an alternative to xylene as a clearing agent in histopathological tissue processing - A comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Clearing in histopathological tissue processing should be able to make the tissues translucent and clear for the tissues to be visible under light microscopy and should render the clearing agent to be miscible with the dehydrant and the impregnation wax in the preceding and following processing steps. Xylene is a gold standard clearing agent but increasing concerns about the potential carcinogenicity, implementing eco-friendly agents in routine histopathology is necessary. AIM: The aim of the study is to assess the clearing ability of Cedarwood oil as an alternative to Xylene in routine tissue processing. MATERIALS & METHODS: The study was carried out in the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology. Formalin fixed 50 tissue samples of size 3-7mm were taken and subsequent dehydration done with acetone and alcohol. The dehydrated tissue is later processed using 90ml of Cedarwood oil with few drops of Xylene and Thymol. After clearing the tissues were subjected to impregnation and embedded in paraffin wax, later which sections were made and stained using H & E stain. RESULTS: The results of our study on comparison showed better outcome in tissues processed with cedarwood oil than xylene. Statistical Significant correlation was observed in nuclear staining (p value = 0.001) ; cytoplasmic staining (p value = 0.08) and background staining ( p value = 0.045) indicating a positive results on using cedarwood oil as clearing agent. CONCLUSION: The cedarwood oil can be considered as a safer natural alternative to xylene in laboratories. The cedarwood oil is eco - friendly and easily available with enhanced tissue processing qualities.