Surgical management of a large postoperative vulvar haematoma following vulvar phlebectomy and ovarian vein embolization for vulvar varicose veins: A case report.

Vulvar varicose veins (VVs) are seen in 4% of women, most of them secondary to pregnancy and usually regressing spontaneously. The treatment of choice during pregnancy is conservative and symptomatic. Management of vulvar varicosities in non-pregnant women consists of various techniques, including phlebectomy, endovascular embolization or surgical ligation of contributing veins, sclerotherapy and, recently, conservative treatment with the venoactive agent MPFF (micronized purified flavonoid fraction). We report an unusual case of a large hematoma of the right labium majus following bilateral vulvar phlebectomy and embolization of the left ovarian vein. The patient was a non-pregnant woman, who underwent incision and drainage of this rare complication. At follow-up almost a year after this procedure the patient reported comfort and cosmetic satisfaction regarding her vulvar symptoms. A multidisciplinary team approach to vulvar varicosities is important, with the involvement of gynecologists, angiologists, interventional radiologists and vascular surgeons.

Traumatic brain injury and prospective memory: influence of task complexity.

A quantitative review indicated that prospective memory impairment is a consistent feature of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, evidence also suggests that manipulations that increase demands on controlled attentional processes moderate the magnitude of observed deficits. A total of 16 TBI participants were compared with 15 matched controls on a task in which the number of prospective target events was manipulated. This manipulation was of interest because two competing models make different predictions as to its effect on controlled attentional processes. In the context of Smith and Bayen's (2004) preparatory attentional processes and memory processes (PAM) model increasing the number of target events should increase requirements for controlled attentional processing. In contrast, McDaniel and Einstein's (2000) multiprocess framework assumes that distinct target events presented in focal awareness of the processing activities required for the ongoing task are likely to depend on automatic processes. This latter model therefore leads to the prediction that increasing the number of target events should not increase demands upon controlled attentional processes. Consistent with McDaniel and Einstein's (2000) multiprocess framework, TBI patients were significantly and comparably impaired on the one- and the four-target-event conditions relative to controls. Further, TBI deficits could not be attributed to increased difficulty with the retrospective component of the prospective memory task. The practical and theoretical implications of these results are discussed.

Cognitive and psychosocial correlates of alexithymia following traumatic brain injury.

Changes in emotional and social behaviour are considered to be amongst the most common and debilitating consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Little is known of the effects of TBI on alexithymia, which refers to impairment in aspects of understanding emotions. In the current study TBI patients (N=28) were compared with demographically matched healthy controls (N=31) on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20), a measure that taps three distinct characteristics of the alexithymia concept; difficulty in identifying emotions, difficulty in describing emotions and externally oriented thinking. Patients and controls also completed measures of anxiety, depression, quality of life, and measures of fluency to assess executive function. Patients showed greater levels of alexithymia, in terms of difficulty identifying emotions and reduced introspection. Difficulty in identifying emotions was associated with poorer quality of life, even when depression and anxiety were controlled. Difficulty in identifying emotions was also uniquely associated with executive function deficits. Thus, although studies typically focus on aspects of cognitive change following head injury, these results lend support to Becerra et al.'s (Becerra, R., Amos, A., & Jongenelis, S. (2002). Organic alexithymia: a study of acquired emotional blindness. Brain Injury, 16, 633-645.) notion of an 'organic alexithymia', and suggest that more attention should be focused upon assessment of emotional change post-head injury.