Using real-time modelling to inform the 2017 Ebola outbreak response in DR Congo.

Important policy questions during infections disease outbreaks include: i) How effective are particular interventions?; ii) When can resource-intensive interventions be removed? We used mathematical modelling to address these questions during the 2017 Ebola outbreak in Likati Health Zone, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Eight cases occurred before 15 May 2017, when the Ebola Response Team (ERT; co-ordinated by the World Health Organisation and DRC Ministry of Health) was deployed to reduce transmission. We used a branching process model to estimate that, pre-ERT arrival, the reproduction number was R = 1.49 (95% credible interval ( 0.67, 2.81 ) ). The risk of further cases occurring without the ERT was estimated to be 0.97 (97%). However, no cases materialised, suggesting that the ERT's measures were effective. We also estimated the risk of withdrawing the ERT in real-time. By the actual ERT withdrawal date (2 July 2017), the risk of future cases without the ERT was only 0.01, indicating that the ERT withdrawal decision was safe. We evaluated the sensitivity of our results to the estimated R value and considered different criteria for determining the ERT withdrawal date. This research provides an extensible modelling framework that can be used to guide decisions about when to relax interventions during future outbreaks.

Effect of biodegradable and conventional microplastic exposure in combination with seawater inundation on the coastal terrestrial plant Plantago coronopus.

Coastal ecosystems face a multitude of pressures including plastic pollution and increased flood risk due to sea level rise and the frequency and severity of storms. Experiments seldom examine multiple stressors such as these, but here we quantified the effect of microplastics (polyethylene terephthalate (PET): a durable plastic and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT): a biodegradable polymer), in combination with simulated seawater inundation on the coastal species Plantago coronopus. After 35-days exposure to plastic (0.02 g.Kg-1, <300µm diameter), P. coronopus were flooded to pot height with artificial seawater for 72-hours, drained and grown for a further 24-days. Plant mortality, necrosis and photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) were recorded throughout, with root:shoot biomass and scape production (flower stalks) quantified at harvest. There were significant interactions between microplastics and seawater on the root:shoot ratio; a measure of resource allocation. The allocation to belowground biomass increased significantly under the PET + inundation treatment compared to the PBAT + inundation and the no plastic + inundation treatments, with potential consequences on the capture of water, nutrients and sunlight, which can affect plant performance. Plant necrosis significantly increased, and Fv/Fm declined as a result of seawater inundation. While not significant, plant Fv/Fm responses were influenced by microplastics (17% and 7% reduction in PBAT and PET exposure respectively compared to the no plastic control). Plants mediated this stress response with no discernible treatment-specific effects detected in Fv/Fm 14-days after seawater introduction. Plastic exposure significantly influenced potential reproductive output, with lower average scape numbers across PBAT treatments, but higher in PET treatments. This study highlights the complex interactions and potential for microplastics to present an elevated risk when in combination with additional stressors like seawater flooding; establishing the threat presented to ecosystem resilience in a changing world is a priority.

Incidence and predictors of ipsilateral local recurrence following partial nephrectomy.

PURPOSE: Ipsilateral local recurrence (LR) after partial nephrectomy (PN) for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) may result from a metachronous tumor or PN bed recurrence. To date, literature has predominantly reported ipsilateral LRs collectively, although the pathophysiology and prognostic implications of these event may be distinct. We sought to assess variables associated with LR and evaluated associations of LR with metastasis and death from RCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified adults undergoing PN for unilateral, sporadic, localized RCC from 2000 to 2019 using a prospectively maintained, single institution registry. LR was defined as new, enhancing tumor within/near the PN bed on MRI/CT. Cox proportional hazards models were used to create a preoperative risk score for LR and to examine the association of LR with metastasis and CSS following PN among patients with clear cell RCC. RESULTS: In a cohort of 2,164 PNs, 106 true LRs were identified, for a 10-year incidence of 6.2%. A preoperative risk score for LR based on age, symptoms, solitary kidney, complex tumor necessitating open partial nephrectomy, and cT stage was created (c-index = 0.73). Postoperatively, positive margins, pT stage, and clear cell subtype were associated with LR. Notably, 21% (23/106) of patients with LR presented with synchronous metastases. Following LR, 5-year metastasis-free and cancer-specific survival were 64% and 71%, respectively. LR remained associated with metastasis (HR 6.25; P < 0.001) and death from RCC (HR 1.93; P = 0.03) on multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a preoperative risk score to identify patients at risk for LR following PN. LR was an independent risk factor for metastasis and death from RCC. Further study is warranted to determine whether treatment of LR improves oncologic outcomes.

A Quality Initiative to Improve Appropriate Medication Dosing in Pediatric Patients with Obesity.

Introduction: Emerging evidence supports the use of alternative dosing weights for medications in patients with obesity. Pediatric obesity presents a particular challenge because most medications are dosed based on patient weight. Additionally, building system-wide pediatric obesity safeguards is difficult due to pediatric obesity definitions of body mass index-percentile-for-age via the Center for Disease Control growth charts. We describe a quality initiative to increase appropriate medication dosing in inpatients with obesity. The specific aim was to increase appropriate dosing for 7 high-risk medications in inpatients with obesity ≥2 years old from 37% to >74% and to sustain for 1 year. Methods: The Institute for Healthcare Improvement model for improvement was used to plan interventions and track outcomes progress. Interventions included a literature review to establish internal dosing guidance, electronic health record (EHR) functionality to identify pediatric patients with obesity, a default selection for medication weight with an opt-out, and obtaining patient heights in the emergency department. Results: Appropriate dosing weight use in medication ordered for patients with obesity increased from 37% to 83.4% and was sustained above the goal of 74% for 12 months. Conclusions: Implementation of EHR-based clinical decision support has increased appropriate evidence-based dosing of medications in pediatric and adult inpatients with obesity. Future studies should investigate the clinical and safety implications of using alternative dosing weights in pediatric patients.

End-Stage Kidney Disease After Partial and Radical Nephrectomy Among Patients with Severe Chronic Kidney Disease.

PURPOSE: AUA guidelines prioritize nephron sparing in patients with preexisting chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, few studies analyze long-term renal function in patients with preoperative severe CKD who undergo extirpative renal surgery. Herein, we compare the hazard of progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) following partial nephrectomy (PN) and radical nephrectomy (RN) among patients with preoperative severe CKD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with stage 4 CKD who underwent PN or RN from 1970 to 2018 were identified. A multivariable Fine-Gray subdistribution hazard model was employed to assess associations with progression to ESKD accounting for the competing risk of death. RESULTS: A total of 186 patients with stage 4 CKD underwent PN (n = 71; 38%) or RN (n = 115; 62%) for renal neoplasms with median follow-up of 6.9 years (interquartile range 3.8-14.1). On multivariable analyses adjusting for competing risk of death, the subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) for older age at surgery (SHR for 5-year increase 0.81; 95% CI 0.73-0.91; P < .001) and higher preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (SHR for 5-unit increase 0.63; 95% CI 0.47-0.84; P = .002) was associated with lower hazard of progression to ESKD. There was no significant difference in hazard of ESKD between PN and RN (SHR 0.82; 95% CI 0.50-1.33; P = .4). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with preoperative severe CKD, higher preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate was associated with lower hazard of progression to ESKD after extirpative surgery for renal neoplasms. We did not observe a significant difference in overall hazard for developing ESKD between PN and RN.

High-risk human papilloma virus status & outcomes for penile squamous cell carcinoma: A single institution experience.

OBJECTIVES: There is a paucity of data on North American cohorts of patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma (pSCC). Herein, we aimed to assess the sensitivity of various modalities to identify human papillomavirus (HPV) status, determine the prevalence of high-risk HPV-positivity, and evaluate the prognostic impact of relevant clinicopathologic variables. METHODS: Patients with pSCC (n = 121) consecutively treated with partial/total penectomy (2000-2022) at a single institution were included. HPV status (based on immunohistochemistry [IHC], in situ hybridization [ISH], and panviral metagenomic sequencing [PMS]), histologic features, and outcomes were reviewed. Outcome events included death due to disease and progression. RESULTS: The majority of patients were white (105/121, 86.8%). Thirty-seven (30.6%) were high-risk HPV-positive, and morphologic evaluation had a sensitivity of 97.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 86.2-99.5) for predicting high-risk HPV status compared to IHC/ISH/PMS. Disease progression was more common among high-risk HPV-negative compared to high-risk HPV-positive patients (HR 2.74, CI 1.12-8.23, P = 0.03). Moreover, among high-risk HPV-negative patients, those with moderate-poorly differentiated tumors had increased disease-specific mortality (32.6%, CI 17.1-48.1) compared to those with well-differentiated tumors (0%). Among high-risk HPV-positive patients, those with basaloid morphology had lower disease-specific mortality (0% vs 14.4%, CI 0.0-33.1). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate high-risk HPV-positivity in approximately one-third of patients with pSCC. Morphologic evaluation alone had a high sensitivity in correctly determining HPV status. Our results suggest that high-risk HPV status and morphologic features (differentiation in high-risk HPV-negative, and basaloid subtype in high-risk HPV-positive pSCC) may have prognostic value.

A simulation-based approach for estimating the time-dependent reproduction number from temporally aggregated disease incidence time series data.

Tracking pathogen transmissibility during infectious disease outbreaks is essential for assessing the effectiveness of public health measures and planning future control strategies. A key measure of transmissibility is the time-dependent reproduction number, which has been estimated in real-time during outbreaks of a range of pathogens from disease incidence time series data. While commonly used approaches for estimating the time-dependent reproduction number can be reliable when disease incidence is recorded frequently, such incidence data are often aggregated temporally (for example, numbers of cases may be reported weekly rather than daily). As we show, commonly used methods for estimating transmissibility can be unreliable when the timescale of transmission is shorter than the timescale of data recording. To address this, here we develop a simulation-based approach involving Approximate Bayesian Computation for estimating the time-dependent reproduction number from temporally aggregated disease incidence time series data. We first use a simulated dataset representative of a situation in which daily disease incidence data are unavailable and only weekly summary values are reported, demonstrating that our method provides accurate estimates of the time-dependent reproduction number under such circumstances. We then apply our method to two outbreak datasets consisting of weekly influenza case numbers in 2019-20 and 2022-23 in Wales (in the United Kingdom). Our simple-to-use approach will allow accurate estimates of time-dependent reproduction numbers to be obtained from temporally aggregated data during future infectious disease outbreaks.

Comparison of a modified staging system with 8th edition AJCC criteria in a North American cohort of pT2/pT3 HPV-negative penile squamous cell carcinoma.

The staging for pT2/pT3 penile squamous cell carcinoma (pSCC) has undergone major changes. Some authors proposed criteria wherein the distinction between pT2/pT3 was made using the same histopathological variables that are currently utilized to differentiate pT1a/pT1b. In this single-institution, North American study, we focused on (HPV-negative) pT2/3 pSCCs (i.e., tumors invading corpus spongiosum/corpus cavernosum), and compared the prognostic ability of the following systems: (i) AJCC (8th edition) criteria; (ii) modified staging criteria proposed by Sali et al. (Am J Surg Pathol. 2020; 44:1112-7). In the proposed system, pT2 tumors were defined as those devoid of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) or perineural invasion (PNI), and were not poorly differentiated; whereas pT3 showed one or more of the following: LVI, PNI, and/or grade 3. 48 pT2/pT3 cases were included (AJCC, pT2: 27 and pT3: 21; Proposed, pT2: 22 and pT3: 26). The disease-free survival (DFS) and progression-free survival (PFS) did not differ between pT2 and pT3, following the current AJCC definitions (p = 0.19 and p = 0.10, respectively). When the pT2/3 stages were reconstructed using the modified criteria, however, a statistically significant difference was present in both DFS and PFS between pT2 and pT3 (p = 0.004 and p = 0.003, respectively). The proposed staging system has the potential to improve the prognostication of pT2/pT3 tumors in pSCC. Each of these histopathologic variables has been shown to have a significant association with outcomes in pSCC, which is an advantage. Further studies are needed to demonstrate the utility of this modified staging system in patient populations from other geographic regions.

Mayo Clinic Validation of the AUA Risk Groups for Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma.

PURPOSE: The AUA guidelines introduced a new risk group stratification system based primarily on tumor stage and grade to guide surveillance for patients treated surgically for localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We sought to evaluate the predictive ability of these risk groups using progression-free survival (PFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS), and to compare their performance to that of our published institutional risk models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We queried our Nephrectomy Registry to identify adults treated with radical or partial nephrectomy for unilateral, M0, clear cell RCC, or papillary RCC from 1980 to 2012. The AUA stratification does not apply to other RCC subtypes as tumor grading for other RCC, such as chromophobe, is not routinely performed. PFS and CSS were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Predictive abilities were evaluated using C indexes from Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: A total of 3191 patients with clear cell RCC and 633 patients with papillary RCC were included. For patients with clear cell RCC, C indexes for the AUA risk groups and our model were 0.780 and 0.815, respectively (P < .001) for PFS, and 0.811 and 0.857, respectively (P < .001), for CSS. For patients with papillary RCC, C indexes for the AUA risk groups and our model were 0.775 and 0.751, respectively (P = .002) for PFS, and 0.830 and 0.803, respectively (P = .2) for CSS. CONCLUSIONS: The AUA stratification is a parsimonious system for categorizing RCC that provides C indexes of about 0.80 for PFS and CSS following surgery for localized clear cell and papillary RCC.

Deterioration of bio-based polylactic acid plastic teabags under environmental conditions and their associated effects on earthworms.

In response to the plastic waste crisis, teabag producers have substituted the petrochemical-plastic content of their products with bio-based, biodegradable polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA). Despite widespread use, the degradation rate of PLA/PLA-blended materials in natural soil and their effects on soil biota are poorly understood. This study examined the percentage mass deterioration of teabags with differing cellulose:PLA compositions following burial (-10 cm depth) in an arable field margin for 7-months, using a suite of analytical techniques, such as size exclusion chromatography, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, dynamic scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. The effect of 28-d exposure to teabag discs at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.02 %, 0.04 % and 0.07 % w/w) on the survival, growth and reproduction (OECD TG 222 protocol) of the key soil detritivore Eisenia fetida was assessed in laboratory trials. After 7-month burial, Tbag-A (2.4:1 blend) and Tbag-B (3.5:1 cellulose:PLA blend) lost 66 ± 5 % and 78 ± 4 % of their total mass, primarily attributed to degradation of cellulose as identified by FTIR spectroscopy and a reduction in the cellulose:PLA mass ratio, while Tbag-C (PLA) remained unchanged. There were clear treatment and dose-specific effects on the growth and reproductive output of E. fetida. At 0.07 % w/w of Tbag-A adult mortality marginally increased (15 %) and both the quantity of egg cocoons and the average mass of juveniles also increased, while at concentrations ≥0.04 % w/w of Tbag-C, the quantity of cocoons was suppressed. Adverse effects are comparable to those reported for non-biodegradable petrochemical-based plastic, demonstrating that bio-based PLA does not offer a more 'environmentally friendly' alternative. Our study emphasises the necessity to better understand the environmental fate and ecotoxicity of PLA/PLA-blends to ensure interventions developed through the UN Plastic Pollution Treaty to use alternatives and substitutes to conventional plastics do not result in unintended negative consequences.

Inconclusive decisions and error rates in forensic science.

In recent years, there has been discussion and controversy relating to the treatment of inconclusive decisions in forensic feature comparison disciplines when considering the reliability of examination methods and results. In this article, we offer a brief review of the various viewpoints and suggestions that have been recently put forth, followed by a solution that we believe addresses the treatment of inconclusive decisions. We consider the issues in the context of method conformance and method performance as two distinct concepts, both of which are necessary for the determination of reliability. Method conformance relates to an assessment of whether the outcome of a method is the result of the analyst's adherence to the procedures that define the method. Method performance reflects the capacity of a method to discriminate between different propositions of interest (e.g., mated and non-mated comparisons). We then discuss implications of these issues for the forensic science community.

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chromosomal microarray as a diagnostic tool for mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma: A validation study.

Mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma (MTSCC) shows significant overlap with papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC), and harbor recurrent copy-number alterations (CNA). We evaluated 16 RCC with features suggestive of MTSCC using chromosomal microarrays. The cohort was comprised of 8 females and males, each, with an age range of 33-79 years (median, 59), and a tumor size range of 3.4-15.5 cm (median, 5.0). Half the tumors were high-grade (8/16, 50%) with features such as necrosis, marked cytologic atypia, and sarcomatoid differentiation, and 5/16 (31%) were high stage (≥pT3a). Three (of 16, 19%) cases had a predominant (>95%) spindle cell component, whereas 5/16 (31%) were composed of a predominant (>95%) epithelial component. Most cases (12/16, 75%) exhibited a myxoid background and/or extravasated mucin, at least focally. Twelve (of 16, 75%) cases demonstrated CNA diagnostic of MTSCC (losses of chromosomes 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, and 22). In addition, 2 high-grade tumors showed loss of CDKN2A/B, and gain of 1q, respectively, both of which are associated with aggressive behavior. Three (of 16, 19%) cases, demonstrated nonspecific CNA, and did not meet diagnostic criteria for established RCC subtypes. One (of 16, 6%) low-grade epithelial predominant tumor (biopsy) demonstrated characteristic gains of 7, 17, and loss of Y, diagnostic of PRCC. MTSCC can be a morphologically heterogenous tumor. Our study validates the detection of characteristic chromosomal CNA for diagnostic use that may be useful in challenging cases with unusual spindle cell or epithelial predominant features, as well as in high-grade tumors.

Effects of arginine vasopressin on human anxiety and associations with sex, dose, and V1a-receptor genotype.

RATIONALE: Arginine vasopressin (AVP) has dose- and sex-specific effects on social behavior, and variation in social responses is related to variation in the V1a receptor gene in animals. Whether such complexity also characterizes AVP effects on anxiety in humans, or whether V1a genotype is related to anxiety and/or AVP's ability to affect it, remains to be determined. OBJECTIVE: To test if AVP has dose-dependent effects on anxiety in men and/or women and if a particular allele within the RS3 promoter region of the V1a receptor gene is associated with anxiety and/or AVP effects on anxiety. METHOD: Men and women self-administered 20 IU or 40 IU intranasal arginine vasopressin (AVP) and placebo in a double-blind, within-subjects design, and State (SA) and Trait (TA) anxiety were measured 60 min later. PCR was used to identify allelic variation within the RS3 region of the V1a receptor gene. RESULTS: AVP decreased SA in men across both doses, whereas only the lower dose had the same effect, across sexes, in individuals who carry at least one copy of a previously identified "risk" allele in the RS3 promoter of the V1a receptor gene. Additionally, after placebo, women who carried a copy of the allele displayed lower TA than women who did not, and AVP acutely increased TA scores in those women. CONCLUSIONS: Exogenous AVP has modest sex- and dose-dependent effects on anxiety/affect in humans. Further, allelic variation in the V1a promoter appears associated with responsiveness to AVP's effects and, at least in women, to stable levels of anxiety/affect.

Gender-based Disparity Exists in the Surgical Experience of Female and Male Urology Residents.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if a discrepancy exists in the number and type of cases logged between female and male urology residents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ACGME case log data from 13 urology residency programs was collected from 2007 to 2020. The number and type of cases for each resident were recorded and correlated with resident gender and year of graduation. The median, 25th and 75th percentiles number of cases were calculated by gender, and then compared between female and male residents using Wilcoxon rank sum test. RESULTS: A total of 473 residents were included in the study, 100 (21%) were female. Female residents completed significantly fewer cases, 2174, compared to male residents, 2273 (P = .038). Analysis by case type revealed male residents completed significantly more general urology (526 vs 571, P = .011) and oncology cases (261 vs 280, P = .026). Additionally, female residents had a 1.3-fold increased odds of logging a case in the assistant role than male residents (95% confidence interval: 1.27-1.34, P < .001). CONCLUSION: Gender-based disparity exists within the urology training of female and male residents. Male residents logged nearly 100 more cases than female residents over 4years, with significant differences in certain case subtypes and resident roles. The ACGME works to provide an equal training environment for all residents. Addressing this finding within individual training programs is critical.

Genomic attributes of prostate cancer across primary and metastatic noncastrate and castrate resistant disease states: a next generation sequencing study of 183 patients.

Primary prostatic adenocarcinoma (pPC) undergoes genomic evolution secondary to therapy-related selection pressures as it transitions to metastatic noncastrate (mNC-PC) and castrate resistant (mCR-PC) disease. Next generation sequencing results were evaluated for pPC (n = 97), locally advanced disease (involving urinary bladder/rectum, n = 12), mNC-PC (n = 21), and mCR-PC (n = 54). We identified enrichment of TP53 alterations in high-grade pPC, TP53/RB1 alterations in HGNE disease, and AR alterations in metastatic and castrate resistant disease. Actionable alterations (MSI-H phenotype and HRR genes) were identified in approximately a fifth of all cases. These results help elucidate the landscape of genomic alterations across the clinical spectrum of prostate cancer.

Navigating Now and Next: Recent Advances and Future Horizons in Robotic Radical Prostatectomy.

Robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) has become the leading approach for radical prostatectomy driven by innovations aimed at improving functional and oncological outcomes. The initial advancement in this field was transperitoneal multiport robotics, which has since undergone numerous technical modifications. These enhancements include the development of extraperitoneal, transperineal, and transvesical approaches to radical prostatectomy, greatly facilitated by the advent of the Single Port (SP) robot. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of these evolving techniques and their impact on RARP. Additionally, we explore the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) in digitizing robotic prostatectomy. AI advancements, particularly in automated surgical video analysis using computer vision technology, are unprecedented in their scope. These developments hold the potential to revolutionize surgeon feedback and assessment and transform surgical documentation, and they could lay the groundwork for real-time AI decision support during surgical procedures in the future. Furthermore, we discuss future robotic platforms and their potential to further enhance the field of RARP. Overall, the field of minimally invasive radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer has been an incubator of innovation over the last two decades. This review focuses on some recent developments in robotic prostatectomy, provides an overview of the next frontier in AI innovation during prostate cancer surgery, and highlights novel robotic platforms that may play an increasing role in prostate cancer surgery in the future.

Association of Kidney Cysts With Progressive CKD After Radical Nephrectomy.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Simple kidney cysts, which are common and usually considered of limited clinical relevance, are associated with older age and lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), but little has been known of their association with progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). STUDY DESIGN: Observational cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Patients with presurgical computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging who underwent a radical nephrectomy for a tumor; we reviewed the retained kidney images to characterize parenchymal cysts at least 5mm in diameter according to size and location. EXPOSURE: Parenchymal cysts at least 5mm in diameter in the retained kidney. Cyst characteristics were correlated with microstructural findings on kidney histology. OUTCOME: Progressive CKD defined by dialysis, kidney transplantation, a sustained≥40% decline in eGFR for at least 3 months, or an eGFR<10mL/min/1.73m2 that was at least 5mL/min/1.73m2 below the postnephrectomy baseline for at least 3 months. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Cox models assessed the risk of progressive CKD. Models adjusted for baseline age, sex, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, eGFR, proteinuria, and tumor volume. Nonparametric Spearman's correlations were used to examine the association of the number and size of the cysts with clinical characteristics, kidney function, and kidney volumes. RESULTS: There were 1,195 patients with 50 progressive CKD events over a median 4.4 years of follow-up evaluation. On baseline imaging, 38% had at least 1 cyst, 34% had at least 1 cortical cyst, and 8.7% had at least 1 medullary cyst. A higher number of cysts was associated with progressive CKD and was modestly correlated with larger nephrons and more nephrosclerosis on kidney histology. The number of medullary cysts was more strongly associated with progressive CKD than the number of cortical cysts. LIMITATIONS: Patients who undergo a radical nephrectomy may differ from the general population. A radical nephrectomy may accelerate the risk of progressive CKD. Genetic testing was not performed. CONCLUSIONS: Cysts in the kidney, particularly the medulla, should be further examined as a potentially useful imaging biomarker of progressive CKD beyond the current clinical evaluation of kidney function and common CKD risk factors. PLAIN-LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Kidney cysts are common and often are considered of limited clinical relevance despite being associated with lower glomerular filtration rate. We studied a large cohort of patients who had a kidney removed due to a tumor to determine whether cysts in the retained kidney were associated with kidney health in the future. We found that more cysts in the kidney and, in particular, cysts in the deepest tissue of the kidney (the medulla) were associated with progressive kidney disease, including kidney failure where dialysis or a kidney transplantation is needed. Patients with cysts in the kidney medulla may benefit from closer monitoring.

Automated Identification of Key Steps in Robotic-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy Using Artificial Intelligence.

PURPOSE: The widespread use of minimally invasive surgery generates vast amounts of potentially useful data in the form of surgical video. However, raw video footage is often unstructured and unlabeled, thereby limiting its use. We developed a novel computer-vision algorithm for automated identification and labeling of surgical steps during robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Surgical videos from RARP were manually annotated by a team of image annotators under the supervision of 2 urologic oncologists. Full-length surgical videos were labeled to identify all steps of surgery. These manually annotated videos were then utilized to train a computer vision algorithm to perform automated video annotation of RARP surgical video. Accuracy of automated video annotation was determined by comparing to manual human annotations as the reference standard. RESULTS: A total of 474 full-length RARP videos (median 149 minutes; IQR 81 minutes) were manually annotated with surgical steps. Of these, 292 cases served as a training dataset for algorithm development, 69 cases were used for internal validation, and 113 were used as a separate testing cohort for evaluating algorithm accuracy. Concordance between artificial intelligence‒enabled automated video analysis and manual human video annotation was 92.8%. Algorithm accuracy was highest for the vesicourethral anastomosis step (97.3%) and lowest for the final inspection and extraction step (76.8%). CONCLUSIONS: We developed a fully automated artificial intelligence tool for annotation of RARP surgical video. Automated surgical video analysis has immediate practical applications in surgeon video review, surgical training and education, quality and safety benchmarking, medical billing and documentation, and operating room logistics.