Vertical zonation and functional diversity of fish assemblages revealed by ROV videos at oil platforms in The Gulf.

An assessment of vertical distribution, diel migration, taxonomic and functional diversity of fishes was carried out at offshore platforms in The (Arabian-Iranian-Persian) Gulf. Video footage was recorded at the Al Shaheen oil field between 2007 and 2014 using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). A total of 12 822 individual fishes, from 83 taxonomic groups were recorded around the platforms. All the species identified are considered native to The Gulf, although Cyclichthys orbicularis and Lutjanus indicus were recorded for the first time in Qatari waters. Several trends were uncovered in the vertical distribution of the fish community; most species were observed between 20 and 50 m depth and fish abundance decreased towards the bottom, with the highest abundances recorded in the upper layers, i.e. down to 40 m depth. Vertical variation in fish diversity, however, was generally not accompanied by differences in vertical movements. Carnivores and invertivores were the dominant trophic groups, being found at each depth range from surface to seabed. The functional indices showed no significant differences between water depths or diel cycles. The study demonstrates that oil platforms represent a hotspot of fish diversity and interesting sites for studying fish communities, abundance and behaviour.

First maxillae suction discs in Branchiura (Crustacea): development and evolution in light of the first molecular phylogeny of Branchiura, Pentastomida, and other "Maxillopoda".

The fish ectoparasites Branchiura (Crustacea) display two different ways of attachment to the fish surface as adults: the first maxillae are either hooks (Dolops) or suction discs (Argulus, Chonopeltis, and Dipteropeltis). In larval Argulus foliaceus the first maxillae are hooks. With the first molecular phylogeny of the Branchiura as a background, the present paper discusses the evolutionary scenarios leading to hooks versus suction discs. Specific homologies exist between larval Argulus foliaceus hooks and adult Dolops ranarum hooks. These include the presence of a comparable number of segments/portions and a distal segment terminating in a double structure: a distal two-part hook (in Argulus) or one hook and an associate spine-like structure (in Dolops). In the phylogenetic reconstruction based on three molecular markers (mitochondrial 16S rRNA, nuclear 18S and 28S rRNA), Dolops ranarum is found to be in a sister group position to all other Branchiura, which in this analysis include six Argulus and one Chonopeltis sequences. Based on the molecular phylogeny a likely evolutionary scenario is that the ancestral branchiuran used hooks (on the first maxilla) for attachment, as seen in Dolops, of which the proximal part was subsequently modified into suction discs in Argulus and Chonopeltis (and Dipteropeltis). The sister group relationship of the Branchiura and Pentastomida is confirmed based on the most comprehensive taxon sampling until now. No evidence was found for a branchiuran in-group position of the Pentastomida.