RESUMO
Spawning patterns in female brown trout Salmo trutta were examined by documenting the construction of nests in a small stream and later excavating them to recover progeny. The maternal provenance of nests was determined by genetic typing of embryos using microsatellite markers. Seventy-two nests, for which position and date of construction were known, were made by 59 individuals. Position and date of construction were known for a further 35 nests, comprising 11 Atlantic salmon Salmo salar nests and 24 nests which contained few or no progeny. Salmo trutta showed a behavioural preference for spawning near (≤ 1 m) prior nests; nests made by different individuals tended to accumulate in a spatial sequence that progressed upstream. The directionality of the association between prior and new nests suggests that later spawners use the residual depressions created by previous spawners as the first element of their own nests.
Assuntos
Comportamento de Nidação/fisiologia , Truta/fisiologia , Animais , Embrião não Mamífero , Feminino , Repetições de Microssatélites/genética , Rios , Fatores de Tempo , Truta/genéticaRESUMO
SUMMARY: RadCon is a Macintosh program for manipulating and analysing phylogenetic trees. The program can determine the Cladistic Information Content of individual trees, the stability of leaves across a set of bootstrap trees, produce the strict basic Reduced Cladistic Consensus profile of a set of trees and convert a set of trees into its matrix representation for supertree construction. AVAILABILITY: The program is free and available at http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/ approximately jthorley/radcon/radcon.html.
Assuntos
Filogenia , SoftwareRESUMO
In decay analyses the support for a particular split in most-parsimonious trees is its decay index, that is, the extra steps required of the shortest trees that do not include the split. By focusing solely on the support for splits, traditional decay analysis may provide an incomplete and potentially misleading summary of the support for phylogenetic relationships common to the most-parsimonious tree or trees. Here, we introduce double decay analysis, a new approach to assessing support for phylogenetic relationships. Double decay analysis is the determination of the decay indices of all n-taxon statements/partitions common to the most-parsimonious tree. The results of double decay analyses are presented in a partition table, but various approaches to graphical representation of the results, including the use of reduced consensus support trees, are also discussed. Double decay analysis provides a more comprehensive summary and facilitates a better understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of complex phylogenetic hypotheses than does traditional decay analysis. The limitations of traditional decay analyses and the utility of double decay analyses are illustrated with both contrived data and real data for sauropod dinosaurs.
