Study of the Dielectric Properties of Artificial Sweat Mixtures at Microwave Frequencies.

Analysis of sweat is of interest for a variety of diagnosis and monitoring applications in healthcare. In this work, detailed measurements of the dielectric properties of solutions representing the major components of sweat are presented. The measurements include aqueous solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), urea, and lactic acid, as well as their mixtures. Moreover, mixtures of NaCl, KCl, urea, and lactic acid, mimicking artificial sweat at different hydration states, are characterized, and the data are fitted to a Cole-Cole model. The complex dielectric permittivity for all prepared solutions and mixtures is studied in the range of 1-20 GHz, at temperature of 23 °C, with ionic concentrations in the range of 0.01-1.7 mol/L.

Engineering Approaches to Assessing Hydration Status.

Dehydration is a common condition characterized by a decrease in total body water. Acute dehydration can cause physical and cognitive impairment, heat stroke and exhaustion, and, if severe and uncorrected, even death. The health effects of chronic mild dehydration are less well studied with urolithiasis (kidney stones) the only condition consistently associated with it. Aside from infants and those with particular medical conditions, athletes, military personnel, manual workers, and older adults are at particular risk of dehydration due to their physical activity, environmental exposure, and/or challenges in maintaining fluid homeostasis. This review describes the different approaches that have been explored for hydration assessment in adults. These include clinical indicators perceived by the patient or detected by a practitioner and routine laboratory analyses of blood and urine. These techniques have variable accuracy and practicality outside of controlled environments, creating a need for simple, portable, and rapid hydration monitoring devices. We review the wide array of devices proposed for hydration assessment based on optical, electromagnetic, chemical, and acoustical properties of tissue and bodily fluids. However, none of these approaches has yet emerged as a reliable indicator in diverse populations across various settings, motivating efforts to develop new methods of hydration assessment.

What factors are associated with state performance on provision of transition services to CSHCN?

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether individual, condition-related, and system-related characteristics are associated with state performance (high, medium, low) on the provision of transition services to children with special health care needs (CSHCN). METHODS: We conducted descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable analyses of 16876 children aged 12 to 17 years by using data from the 2005-2006 National Survey of Children With Special Health Care Needs. Polytomous logistic regression was used to compare the characteristics of CSHCN residing within high-, medium-, and low-performance states, with low-performance states serving as the reference group. RESULTS: Compared with non-Hispanic white CSHCN, Hispanic (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.25 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.17-0.37]) and non-Hispanic black (aOR: 0.44 [95% CI: 0.30-0.62]) CSHCN were less likely to reside in a high-performance than in a low-performance state. Compared with CSHCN who had a medical home or adequate insurance coverage, CSHCN who did not have a medical home or adequate insurance coverage were less likely to reside in a high-performance than in a low-performance state (aOR: 0.73 [95% CI: 0.57-0.95]; aOR: 0.73 [95% CI: 0.58-0.93], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Key factors found to be important in a state's performance on provision of transition services to CSHCN were race/ethnicity and having a medical home and adequate insurance coverage. Efforts to support the Maternal and Child Health Bureau's integration of system-level factors in quality-improvement activities, particularly establishing a medical home and attaining and maintaining adequate insurance, are likely to help states improve their performance on provision of transition services.

Identification of children with special health care needs within a managed care setting.

OBJECTIVE: To assess 2 established methods of identifying children with special health care needs (CSHCN) within a health plan population for intensified service coordination. METHODS: The tools tested were the Questionnaire for Identifying Children With Chronic Conditions (QuICCC) and the Clinical Risk Grouper (CRG) software. The QuICCC was administered by telephone to the parents of 517 children. The CRG software tool was then applied to the health plan database. The accuracy of identifying the target population was assessed by a single trained reviewer by comparison with the comprehensive medical record. RESULTS: According to the QuICCC, 37.1% of the parents surveyed had CSHCN. According to the CRG, 11% of the health plan's pediatric population was categorized as CSHCN. The medical record review agreed with overall QuICCC findings in 53% to 61% of cases and overall CRG findings in 66% to 73% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Administering the QuICCC was a time- and labor-intensive endeavor with a relatively low overall level of sensitivity. The CRG was less labor intensive with slightly higher sensitivity. Identifying the target population in an effective and efficient manner remains a challenge for health plans.