Social endophenotypes in autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review.

Endophenotypes are measurable markers of genetic vulnerability to current or future disorder. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is well-suited to be examined within an endophenotype framework given past and current emphases on the broader autism phenotype and early detection. We conducted a scoping review to identify potential socially-related endophenotypes of ASD. We focused on paradigms related to sociality (e.g., theory of mind (TOM), social attention), which comprise most of this literature. We integrated findings from traditional behavioral paradigms with brain-based measures (e.g., electroencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging). Broadly, infant research regarding social attention and responsivity (Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) domain of affiliation) and attention to faces and voices (social communication) finds consistent abnormality in vulnerable infant siblings. Several additional paradigms that have shown differences in vulnerable infants and young children include animacy perception tasks (perception and understanding of others), measures of recognition and response to familiar faces (attachment), and joint attention and false-belief tasks (understanding mental states). Research areas such as alexithymia (the perception and understanding of self), empathic responding, and vocal prosody may hold interest; however, challenges in measurement across populations and age ranges is a limiting factor. Future work should address sex differences and age dependencies, specificity to ASD, and heterogeneous genetic pathways to disorder within samples individuals with ASD and relatives.

Brief report: Does "healthy" family functioning look different for families who have a child with autism?

BACKGROUND: For families of typically developing children, extremes of family cohesion (enmeshed and disengaged) and flexibility (rigid and chaotic) are associated with negative outcomes (Olson, 2011). Some work suggests that this may not be true for families of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; Altiere & von Kluge 2009). Specifically, regimented daily routines (increased rigidity) and highly involved caregivers (increased enmeshment) might theoretically be associated with positive outcomes. OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether families who have a child with ASD report different family dynamics than families with typically developing children, and if these dynamics are equally predictive of outcomes for both groups. METHOD: Regression-based interaction analyses using data from an online survey (n = 235) were used to examine how diagnostic group (typically-developing child or child with ASD) affected the relationships between elements of family functioning and parent outcomes of happiness, depression, and satisfaction with family life. RESULTS: Higher parent-reported enmeshment was associated with decreased parent-reported happiness in typical families only; these variables were unrelated in families with a child with ASD. In addition, the relationship between disengagement and parent happiness was marginally weaker in the ASD group. Other scales (rigid and chaotic) exhibited similar relationships with family outcomes across both diagnostic groups. CONCLUSION: In alignment with previous findings (Altiere & von Kluge 2009), elevated levels of enmeshment were not predictive of poorer outcomes in families of children with ASD. There is a need to critically consider whether behaviors traditionally thought of as "enmeshed" may represent different, more adaptive support strategies for families who have a child with ASD.

Meta-analysis of naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions for young children with autism spectrum disorder.

Naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention is an emerging class of interventions for young children with autism spectrum disorder. The present article is a meta-analysis of outcomes of group-design studies (n = 27) testing interventions using naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention strategies. Small, significant positive effects of naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention were found for expressive language (g = 0.32), reduction in symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (g = -0.38), and play skills (g = 0.23). Larger effects were found for social engagement (g = 0.65) and overall cognitive development (g = 0.48). A marginal effect was found for joint attention (g = 0.14) and receptive language (g = 0.28). For joint attention, improvement was moderated by hours of professional involvement. Evidence of publication and reporting bias was present for language outcomes. This meta-analysis grows the evidence base for naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions, particularly in the key areas of social engagement and cognition.