Assuntos
Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Antirretrovirais/administração & dosagem , Infecções por HIV , Pneumocystis carinii/isolamento & purificação , Pneumonia por Pneumocystis , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolamento & purificação , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Gerenciamento Clínico , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Assistência Perinatal/métodos , Assistência Perinatal/organização & administração , Pneumonia por Pneumocystis/diagnóstico , Pneumonia por Pneumocystis/etiologia , Pneumonia por Pneumocystis/fisiopatologia , Pneumonia por Pneumocystis/terapia , Carga Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Carga Viral/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Epistaxis is a common emergency department (ED) complaint; however, this entity is rare among children younger than 2 years of age. In this age group, epistaxis may be a presenting sign of a bleeding disorder or nonaccidental trauma. CASE REPORT: We present a case of a 2-month-old infant who was evaluated in the pediatric ED for epistaxis and discharged home. The infant returned 2 days later with facial swelling and irritability, and was found to have significant head trauma. In this article we review the epidemiology and differential diagnoses for epistaxis among infants, as well as the initial approach to the evaluation of this uncommon clinical entity in this age group. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Potential etiologies for epistaxis among infants and young children include severe systemic disease and nonaccidental trauma. Given its rarity and possible clinical significance, the approach to epistaxis differs in this age group. Emergency physicians should screen for and exclude a bleeding disorder while also having a very low threshold for a nonaccidental trauma evaluation.
Assuntos
Epistaxe/diagnóstico , Epistaxe/terapia , Fraturas Cranianas/diagnóstico , Maus-Tratos Infantis/diagnóstico , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/complicações , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/organização & administração , Epistaxe/epidemiologia , Hematoma/etiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Fraturas Cranianas/complicações , Fraturas Cranianas/etiologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodosRESUMO
Hypoglycemia is a common finding in emergency departments. In this article, we review the causes of hypoglycemia in children, the evaluation and management of a child with persistent hypoglycemia, and causes of adrenal insufficiency in children. We report a case of adrenoleukodystrophy, a type of primary adrenal insufficiency, in a 5-year-old boy who presented with altered mental status, seizures, and hypoglycemia.
