[Current aspects of the treatment of urogenital atrophy (based on the consensus of britain society of menopause)].

The symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause are considered as typical for late menopausal period. However, these symptoms are increasingly diagnosed in perimenopausal and early menopausal period. Women seldom seek medical care, since autonomic menopausal symptoms are usually more bothersome. In many cases, doctors are not sure in necessity of any hormonal replacement. Moreover, a confusion still exists between systemic hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and local estrogen preparations. Besides moisturizers and local intravaginal estrogens, novel treatment modalities have emerged that extend therapeutic armamentarium.

[COLON CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY IN CLINICAL EXPERIENCE].

AIM: Is to evaluate technical aspects and feasibility of colon capsule endoscopy (CCE) in the daily clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From I.2014 to VIII.2014 we performed 36 (97.3%) CCE from 37 patients (m-19, f-17, mean age 43.9 ± 14.2 years, range 22-72). RESULTS: Total CCE was performed in 33 (89.2%) patients. In all patients we were able to register anatomy and to evaluate the lumen and the wall of large bowel; to explore and identify mucosal abnormality as well as epithelial lesions. CONCLUSION: The article demonstrates our own experience of colon capsule endoscopy (n = 36); the principal possibilities to evaluate colon anatomy and to detect wide range of abnormality.

[Genetic polymorphism and gene geography of the indigenous population of the Ural region. I. Genetic structure of the peoples of the Ural region]. / Geneticheskii polimorfizm i genogeografiia korennogo naseleniia Ural'skogo regiona. I. Geneticheskaia struktura narodov Ural'skogo regiona.

The genetic patterns of 25 populations from seven ethnic groups living in the Ural region (Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Udmurts, Mansi, Nentsy, Tatars, and Chuvashes) were studied. Immunological, biochemical, and physiological markers of the loci ABO, FUT, RH, P, FY, DI, KEL, LU, LE, JK, HP, GC, C'3, TF, PI, ACP1, GLO1, ESD, PGD, PGM1, PTC, and CB were studied. The average ethnic frequencies of the alleles and haplotypes studied were estimated. It was demonstrated that the Ural populations living to the west of the Urals, although of different origin, were more similar genetically than populations of common (Ural) origin living on different sides of the Urals, with respect to the majority of the traits studied.

[Materials on studying the gene pool of populations from Russian and adjacent countries: the Russian population of the Vologda region]. / Materialy po izucheniiu genofonda narodov Rosii i sopredel'nykh stran: Russkoe naselenie Vologodskoi oblasti.

An investigation was performed on the distribution of frequencies of A1A2B0, Rhesus, MNSs, P, Lewis, Kell-Cellano, Kell-Kp, Sutter, Lutheran, Hp, Gc, Tf, C'3, Pi, GLO1, EsD, AcP, 6-PGD, PGM1 (subtypes), PTC, and CB gene markers in the native Russian population of three rural districts of Vologda oblast'. Peculiarities of the genetic structure of the population of Vologda oblast' were revealed and compared to other groups of the Russian population.

[Materials on the study of the gene pool of peoples of Russian and adjacent countries. Russian residents of the Tversk region]. / Materialy po izucheniiu genofonda narodov Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran. Russkoe naselenie Tverskoi oblasti.

An investigation was performed on the distribution of the gene and haplotype frequencies of A1A2B0, Rh, MNSs, Lewis, P1, Duffy, Kell-Cellano, Kell-Kp, Sutter, Kidd, Lutheran, Hp, Gc, Tf, C'3, Pi, GLO1, EsD, AcP, 6-PGD, PGM1 (subtypes), PTC, and CB loci, and on ABH-antigen secretion in the native Russian population of four rural districts of Tver' oblast'. The following peculiarities of genetic structure of the studied groups were revealed: a higher incidence of A1, A2, MS, NS, Ns, CDE, cDe, cdE, le, se, and K genes and haplotypes, in comparison to the average for Russians; and a lower incidence of cDE, CDe, cde, Jka, AcPa, AcPc, t, and CB+ genes and haplotypes. The incidence of other studied genes and haplotypes coincides with the average ethnic frequencies for Russians.

[The effect of carnosine on the intracellular pH in cultured human embryonic lung fibroblasts]. / Vliianie karnozina na sostoianie vnutrikletochnogo pH v kul'tiviruemykh legochnykh émbrional'nykh fibroblastakh cheloveka.

Dipeptide carnosine effect on fibroblast proliferation was assessed by changes in intracellular pH (pHi) in human cultivated lung embryonal fibroblasts. pHi was defined by means of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) during 1-7 days of the culture growth. The investigation showed changes in pHi depending on dipeptide concentration and the presence of additives in it. In some cases rat carnosine caused acidification of cells assumed to be a reaction and the presence of additives of metals in the drug. Sometimes an increase in pHi was observed immediately or shortly after acidification of the cells. In this case dipeptide was assumed to have a stimulating influence on fibroblast pHi due to a low concentration of additives in the drug and fast adaptation of cells. Purified carnosine increased pHi immediately after its addition to the incubation medium. The maximum effect was observed after addition of 10 mkg/ml carnosine, delta of pHi was on the average of 0.22. An increase of carnosine concentration to 50-100 micrograms/ml did not lead to increased effect. So, the increase of fibroblast pHi upon introduction of carnosine may be one of the causes of activation of fibroblast proliferation. The pH-metry method may be recommended as an express-test for the evaluation of the degree of a drug purification.

[Genetic polymorphism in the Karelian population]. / Geneticheskii polimorfizm v populiatsii Karelov.

Distribution of the genetic markers of blood groups (AB0, MNSs, Rhesus, P, Lewis, Duffy, Kell-Cellano, Kell-Kp, Kell-Sutter, Kidd, Lutheran); of serum proteins (Hp, Tf, Gc, C'3, Pi); red-cell enzymes (6-PGD, EsD, GLO, AcP, subtypes of PGM) was studied in Karels from the South part of Karelian ASSR. The results of comparison of Karels with the other finno-ugric peoples revealed peculiarities of gene pool in Karelian population.

[beta-Adrenergic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in human lung parenchyma in malignant neoplasms]. / beta-Adrenergicheskie i muskarinovye atsetilkholinovye retseptory v parenkhime legkikh cheloveka pri zlokachestvennykh novoobrazovaniiakh.

beta-Adrenergic and muscarine acetylcholinergic receptors were studied in human lung parenchyma obtained from patients with tuberculoma (after segmental resection of tuberculoma surrounding normal tissues were performed to obtain control samples) as well as from patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Assays of binding of beta-adrenergic radioligand 3H-dihydroalprenolol (3H-DHA) exhibited high affinity in lung parenchyma membranes in both control samples and in that of patients with tumors. Binding of muscarine antagonist 3H-quinuclidinyl benzylate (3H-QNB) also showed high rate of affinity in lung parenchyma. High number of 3H-DHA binding sites was distinctly decreased and 3H-QNB--was increased in lung malignant tumors as compared with normal tissue. Considerable decrease of beta-adrenergic and increase of muscarine receptors were found in patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma. beta-Adrenergic and muscarine receptors appear to be of importance in pathogenesis of human lung malignant tumors.

[Immunogenetic markers in populations of Komi]. / Immunogeneticheskie markery v populiatsiiakh Komi.

Immunological markers of genetic systems AB0, MNSs, Rhesus (CDE), P. Lewis, Kell-Cellano, Diffy and ABH-secretion were analyzed in the two populations of Komi and in one population of Komi-Permyaks. It has been shown that the gene pools of these three groups are europeoid on the whole. Based on analysis of genetic distances, it was discovered that Komi and Komi-Permyaks are closer to the Finnish speaking peoples than the others. We have described common and specific genetic features of these three populations.

[Genetics of Caucasian population: distribution of various immunological and biochemical markers in western Georgia]. / Genetika narodonaseleniia Kavkaza: raspredelenie nekotorykh immunologicheskikh i biokhimicheskikh markerov v Zapadnoi Gruzii.

The distribution of genetic markers of blood groups (ABO, Rhesus, MNSs, P, Duffy, Kell-Cellano), plasma proteins (Hp, Gc, Tf, C'3) and red-cell enzymes (AcP, EstD, GLO-1), and also ABH secretion among 10 populations of Western Georgia has been studied. The common characteristic of distribution of gene frequencies for the markers studied was obtained as a whole in Georgia. The Georgians were compared for these markers with some populations of the Caucasus, Europe and West Asia. Among Caucasian populations, Georgians are most similar to Abkhasians. According to some systems, Georgians are close to European groups (ABO, Dubby, GLO-1, EstD), while they are similar to West-Asian groups, as judged by other systems (ABH secretion, AcP). According to Rhesus and MNSs systems, Georgians differ both from populations of Europe and from populations of West Asia.

[Genetics of human populations of Caucasus: distribution of various immunological and biochemical markers in eastern Georgia]. / Genetika narodonaseleniia Kavkaza: raspredelenie nekotorykh immunologicheskikh i biokhimicheskikh markerov v Vostochnoi Gruzii.

The distribution of genetic markers of blood groups (AB0, P, Rhesus, MNSs, Duffy, Lewis, Kell-Cellano), of the serum proteins (Hp, Gc, Tf, C'3), red-cell enzymes (AcP, EstD, GLO1) and also ABH-secretion among seven native populations of Eastern Georgia has been studied. The frequencies of genes and haplotypes were calculated for the polymorphic markers and the results obtained were used in analysis of interpopulation variation and genetic relationship of these populations to their geographical neighbours as well as to European and West Asian populations.