[Current trend in the diagnosis and treatment of primary non refluxing megaureter]. / Orientamenti attuali nella diagnosi e nel trattamento del megauretere primitivo non refluente.

BACKGROUND: The terms megaureter or hydroureteronephrosis are non-specific because indicate various pathologic entities recognise different causes (obstruction, reflux, obstruction-reflux, primary and secondary). An undeveloped renal function in neonatal period makes more difficult the therapeutic approach. Actually the problem is to find the indicators that consent us the individualization of patients more suitable for nonoperative management. METHODS: From 1996 to 2002, we observed 60 patients with 74 megaureters. In 24 cases the diagnosis was antenatal, 6 cases were diagnosed immediately after birth, 13 in the first year of life and 17 after the first year (2y-10y). Patients were classified in two groups based on age; 43 cases diagnosed in the first year of life and 17 after. Both of them were classified in two further groups based on ureteral size and renal function, scintigraphically evaluated. RESULTS: In the first group (A) ureters with 10 mm of dilatation improved in 38.9% of the cases. Were stationary 50% and impaired 11,1% of them. Ureters with dilatation between 7 and 10 mm improved in 24%, were stationary in 72% and impaired in in 4% of the cases. Ureters with less than 7mm dilatation improved in 35.2% and were stationary in 64.8%. In the group A renal scintigraphy MAG3 demonstrated, in the patients with acceptable renal function and washout, an improvement in 65% of the cases. Was stationary in 30% and impaired in 10%. CONCLUSIONS: The grade of dilatation evaluated with ultrasonographic exam and the study of renal function with diuresis renal scintigraphy using Tc-99m MAG3 and washout grade with diuresis renal scintigraphy are remarkable markers for the treatment choice.

Deep venous thrombosis in a child associated with an abnormal inferior vena cava.

Congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava (IVC), such as absence or atresia, although well documented, are uncommon and result from aberrant development during embryogenesis. Absence or atresia of the IVC is usually discovered accidentally. Patients are typically asymptomatic of the condition itself. Many concurrent cardiovascular-associated abnormalities have been described. We report a 10-y-old boy admitted to the emergency room with painful swelling of his right lower limb without previous trauma or surgery. After 3 d, swelling also involved the left lower limb. A Doppler ultrasound of the lower limbs revealed bilateral thrombosis of the vena iliaca communis, vena iliaca externa, femoral vein communis and superficial extending to the IVC. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen was performed. On MRI, we demonstrated a hypoplastic IVC. The results of blood coagulation studies, including levels of antiphospholipid antibodies, proteins C and S, and antithrombin III, were normal. The patient was treated with intravenous heparin for 8 d and discharged with oral warfarin therapy, which has been recommended for life. Therapy against deep venous thrombosis must be focused on its prevention in the future. An abnormal inferior vena cava should be considered in young patients with deep venous thrombosis without apparent cause.

[Transanal endorectal pull-through with or without laparoscopic assistance? Development of an experimental model]. / Abbassamento endorettale transanale con o senza assistenza laparoscopica? Sviluppo di un modello sperimentale.

The transanal approach is a relatively new technique for surgery of Hirschsprung's disease. The purpose of this experimental study was to evaluate and compare the transanal endorectal pull-through when it takes place with laparoscopic assistance, according to Soave-Georgeson procedure and without laparoscopic assistance. We used two separated groups of animals. In the 1st group the transanal endorectal pull-through was performed by retrograde transanal mucosectomy with laparoscopic devascularization of the colon and in the 2nd group the transanal endorectal pull-through was performed without laparoscopic assistance. In the 1st group the transitional zone of the colon was determined laparoscopically while in the 2nd group during the perineal devascularization of the bowel. In both groups end to end coloanal anastomosis was performed in the same way. The postoperative course was uneventful, no severe long-term problems were observed. Four months after operation the experimental subjects of the 1st group had 3-4 discharges in 24 hours. While the experimental subjects of the 2nd group had 5-7 discharges in 24 hours. Manometric resting anal sphincters pressure in the 1st group averaged 77 +/- 16 mmHg compared with 74 +/- 15 mmHg in the 2nd group. The transanal colectomy technically can be performed with or without laparoscopic assistance. However the advantages of laparoscopic assistance are the following: 1) more exact determination of transitional zone; 2) easier separation of peritoneal reflection, 3) better control of final position of the colon; 4) minor retraction on the perineal muscles.

Is the risk of hypertension an indication for prophylactic nephrectomy in patients with unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney?

OBJECTIVE: Surgery is still proposed by some as the treatment of choice for unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney (UMCDK) because of the potential complications of hypertension, infection and malignant change. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that the risk of hypertension does not justify routine nephrectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We report 41 cases of UMCDK, treated between 1980 and 2001, 28 of whom were male (68%). Twenty-one patients were nephrectomized (51%). Twenty patients (49%) underwent clinical and ultrasound follow-up. Blood pressure was controlled every 3-4 months (over a period ranging from 9 months to 6 years) and an ultrasound scan was performed every 6 months during the first 2 years, and annually thereafter. RESULTS: In the patients treated non-operatively we observed a progressive spontaneous involution of their multicystic dysplastic kidneys and the total absence of complications such as hypertension or malignancy. CONCLUSION: It is reasonable to conservatively manage patients with UMCDK by means of repeated ultrasound examinations and blood pressure control.

[Varicocele at a prepubertal age. Adolescent varicocele]. / Il varicocele nell'età pre-adolescenziale. Adolescential varicocele.

Varicocele is a dilatation of the spermatic veins, particularly on the left side, and represents one of the most frequent causes of male infertility. Its frequency in pre-adolescence varies from 10% to 15%. Even today varicocele pathogenesis is not clear. In the period from August 1990 to August 1999, 35 males between 10 and 16 years of age were treated surgically in our Institution via interruption of the internal spermatic vein using Palomo's technique. Patients that reached the age of 18 after surgery have had a spermiogramm. The problem of varicocele therapy in pre-adolescence has not yet been resolved with regard to surgical therapy and follow-up.