Graduate Medical Education in Pathology: A Scoping Review.

CONTEXT.­: Pathologists have produced a substantial body of literature on graduate medical education (GME). However, this body of literature is diverse and has not yet been characterized. OBJECTIVE.­: To chart the concepts, research methods, and publication patterns of studies on GME in pathology. DATA SOURCES.­: This was a systematic scoping review covering all literature produced since 1980 in the PubMed and Embase databases. CONCLUSIONS.­: Research on GME in pathology is evenly dispersed across educational topics. This body of literature would benefit from research based on theory, stronger study designs, and studies that can provide evidence to support decisions on educational policies.

Development of a residents-as-teachers curriculum for neurosurgical training programs.

Neurosurgery residents spend a significant amount of their time teaching patients, families, students, residents, and other health professionals. To help ensure competence in their residents' teaching abilities, many specialties have established formal residents-as-teachers (RAT) curricula; however, such formalized curricula are often lacking in neurosurgery programs. The authors' goal was to develop and implement a formal RAT curriculum, designed with neurosurgery residents' other responsibilities in mind, to improve residents' formal and informal teaching abilities. Here, the authors report on the design of a formalized teaching curriculum tailored for the needs of neurosurgical residents, with a focus on deliberate practice and minimal time needed for preparation. The curriculum, designed using Kern's 6 steps of curriculum design as a framework, comprises 5 lecture series spread over 3 years, repeated twice through a resident's training, with each lecture series outlined with its respective topics and objectives. Opportunities for observed teaching as well as informal and formal evaluation will be provided to residents. The program will be evaluated on a yearly basis using direct and anonymized resident feedback on the RAT curriculum. Measures of program success will also include pre- and postprogram medical student and peer evaluation of residents. These data will be used for continual improvement of the curriculum as it is implemented. Successes and shortcomings of this program will be disseminated by publication, presentations, and placement on the authors' department website and social media. This paper may serve as a foundation for other neurosurgical programs to develop RAT curricula for greater enhancement of resident teaching abilities.

46 XY undervirulized male DSD: Reporting a patient with prenatally diagnosed disorder/difference of sex development (DSD) with heterozygous LHCGR mutations.

Leydig cell hypoplasia is a rare autosomal recessive condition caused by mutations in luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) genes in which 46, XY patients demonstrate a wide spectrum of disorders/differences of sex development (DSD) phenotypes ranging from normal female external genitalia in severe subtypes to micropenis or hypospadias in patients with less severe presentations. Although most patients with LHCGR defects are diagnosed at puberty, here we describe the prenatal diagnosis of 46, XY DSD due to two likely pathogenic variants in LHCGR, one of which has never been reported.

Corrigendum to "Skeletal disease in a father and daughter with a novel monoallelic WNT1 mutation" [Bone Rep. 9 (2018) 154-158].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2018.09.001.].