[Research and comparative characteristic of the factors determining elasticity of the human skin].

Changes in skin elasticity have been analyzed under different conditions (upon skin stretching, at different thickness of the skin, at different contents of collagen, intercellular and endocellular liquids, upon changes of venous pressure, and during contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles in skin vessels - vasomotions). Elasticity was defined by the acoustic method from the speed of diffusion of a superficial sheared acoustic wave in the skin, by the autoresonant method from the mechanical resonance frequency of skin, and from the vacuum pressure needed for skin site deformation of constant volume. It was shown that the major factors determining the elasticity of skin are it stretching, thickness, and the contents of collagen and liquids in it. The influence on elasticity of venous pressure and the contraction activity of smooth muscles in vessels is not essential. This suggests that the parameters of skin elasticity can be used as indicators of systemic and local lesions of the connective tissue.

[Nanotechnology applications in pharmacology].

The applications of nanotechnology to pharmacology are reviewed. The potential applications of biochips, nanosensors, bioreactors, neural stem cells, immune nanoparticles, biodegradable polymers, and convection-enhanced drug delivery in the diagnostics and treatment of diseases are discussed. Specific attention is given to developments in chemotherapeutic means, including advanced drug delivery systems and targeted nanotherapy, which will form the basis of the future nanomedicine. Numerous novel medicinal forms are discussed, including polymeric nanoparticles, nanotubes, micelles, liposomes, dendrimers, fullerenes, and hydrogels. In particular, highly stable glycosphyngolipid nanotubes and nanoliposomes are proposed as drug delivery systems. For this purpose, the model of stimulation of skin vasomotor reactions by nitroglycerin application is developed. The effect of nitroglycerin is shown to increase 1.5 times when used in the form of a dispersion with nanotubes as carriers and almost 2.5 times in the case of a dispersion with nanoliposomes as carriers. Nanotechnologically manufactured biologically active substances Apiton-25 (containing apis products) and Microhydrin (containing SiO 2 nanoparticles, silicon hydrogen bonds Si-H, and free negative charges for free radical neutralization) have been studied. The results indicate that both Apiton-25 and Microhydrin upon peroral administration enhance the cyclic trial performance during prolonged submaximal exercise in endurance-trained cyclists.

[A new method for examination of human skin vasomotions].

An original method for determination of elasticity of biological tissues from their resonance frequency has been devised. The method can be used for detection and spectral analysis of small oscillations of skin elasticity caused by vasomotions.

[The effect of sphyngolipids on the mechanical properties of epidermis and its permeability for water].

The effect of water, glycerol, Lipotec(s.a), a hydrophobic sphyngolipid complex, and a liposome water emulsion (prepared from pig brain glycosphyngolipids) on the skin elasticity, evaluated from its resonance frequency, was investigated. It was shown that moistening of skin with water leads to swelling of epidermis cells, which is accompanied by an increase in cellular membrane tension and elasticity growth. This shows up in a statistically authentic (alpha = 0.0025, T-test) growth of skin resonance frequency (on the average by 48.5 +/- 13% in 3 min). Skin moistening by a glycosphyngolipid liposome water emulsion causes a more intensive swelling of epidermis (skin resonance frequency in three minutes increases on the average by 75.8 +/- 22.1%, alpha = 0.0059). No swelling of epidermis was observed if skin was moistened by glycerol or by hydrophobic sphyngolipid complex Lipotec(s.a). It was concluded that pig brain glycosphyngolipid molecules having volumetric negatively charged polar heads are built into lamellar structures of the skin lipid barrier and increase its hydrophilicity and permeability for water.

[Automated system for study of mechanical properties of the organs and tissues on the basis of the apparatus for resonance vibrotherapy "Landysh"].

The measuring-calculating system uniting the system for resonant vibrotherapy "Landysh", the analog-digital converter and computer is submitted. The system allows not only to carry out therapeutic action on a body tissues by vibration, but also to register the response of organism to this action, to supervise efficiency depend upon change of parameters of self-oscillations and mechanical characteristics of tissue. Results of study of influence of resonant vibrotherapy on posttraumatic hypostases of soft tissues in patients with consequences adnate fractures are presented. The system can be used in urology and andrology for study of erection function in men, and also for biological tests of various chemical compounds in pharmacology, toxicology, dermatology and cosmetology.

[Stabilizing effect of the antioxidants alpha-tocopherol and sodium selenite following phospholipase damage to mitochondrial membranes in a model of anoxia]. / Stabiliziruiushchee deistvie antioksidantov alpha-tokoferola i selenita natriia pri fosfolipaznom povrezhdenii membran mitokhondrii v usloviiakh model'noi anoksii.

The kinetics of the free fatty acids accumulation in membranes of isolated mitochondria of the brain, heart and liver of rats, with their incubation in a medium containing no substrates and ATP, was studied. The intensity of the phospholipase damage, measured by the rate of free fatty acids accumulation, augments in the sequence of: the liver-heart-brain. The amassment of fatty acids in the mitochondrial membranes is shown to give place to their penetration into the inner space of the mitochondria. A relationship between the content of the intramitochondrial calcium and the concentration of free fatty acids in in the membranes, on the one hand, and the degree of passive swelling of the cardiac mitochondria, on the other, was revealed. It is suggested that the free fatty acids or their derivatives act as carriers of calcium to the mitochondrial membrane. A preliminary administration to rats of the vitamin E and sodium selenite protects the mitochondria of the heart against the phospholipase damage. These agents display a synergic action and are effective with administration of physiological doses. It is presumed that the protective action of these substances is due to the stabilization of biological membranes.

[Study of the action of x-ray contrast substances on the respiratory chain of rat liver mitochondria]. / Issledovanie deistviia rentgenokontrastnykh veshchestv na dykhatel'nuiu tsep' mitokhondrii pecheni krys.

Subject to study was the influence of roentgen-contrast media on the respiration and linked with it phosphorylation in the mitochondria of the rats' liver. Triotrast, cardiotrast, bilignost and endografin are shown to produce no effect on the oxidative phosphorylation in concentrations that can be built up following their administration "in vivo", but inhibit the respiratory mitochondrial chain. Triombrin, urotrast and iodamide have no effect on the mitochondria.