[Age-related decline in vaccination efficacy: The potential role of myeloid derived suppressor cells.]

Infectious diseases in older people are much more frequent, and mortality from them is higher than in young people. Vaccination is the most effective and least expensive preventative measure for a number of infectious diseases. However, vaccines that are effective in young people are often ineffective in older people over 65, which is a result of a gradual decrease in the functional capacity of the immune systems, which occurs with age, and is called «immunosenescence¼. Age-related changes in the cellular and humoral immunity worsen the primary response to vaccines and weaken the development of long-term immunological memory. Recent studies suggest that one of the possible causes of the occurrence and maintenance of «immunosenescence¼ may be myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). These cells have been shown to inhibit the functions of innate and adaptive immunity cells through a number of mechanisms. In this review, we provide information that emphasizes the role of MDSCs in inhibiting the immune response to vaccines during aging, and also substantiates possible ways to overcome this immunological obstacle.

Effects of L-selectin stimulation of the expression of chemokine receptor CXCR4 on NK cells of healthy donors and tumor patients.

We studied the effects of fucoidan (L-selectin ligand) on the expression and SDF-1-induced internalization of CXCR4 receptor on human NK cells of healthy donors and tumor patients. Fucoidan stimulated the expression of surface CXCR4 due to mobilization of the intracellular pool. The effect of fucoidan on CXCR4 expression in cancer patients was low. It was hypothesized that L-selectin-dependent migration of circulating NK cells along the SDF-1 chemokine gradient is reduced in cancer patients.

[The effect of experimental craniocerebral trauma on cell-mediated and humoral immunity reactions]. / Vliianie éksperimental'noi cherepno-mozgovoi travmy na reaktsii kletochno-oposredovannogo i gumoral'nogo immuniteta.

Brain injury (BI) was induced in 9 rabbits either after cranial trepanation or through graded blow. Cell-mediated immunity to brain autoantigens in the automix-culture test and the production of specific antibodies on soluble protein antigen immunization were studied. Experiment BI was not found to result in the emergence of the lymphocytes capable of mediate cellular autoimmune responses. However, there were increases in the nonspecific lymphocytic sensitivity to the T-lymphocytic mitogen ConA and in a humoral immune response, suggesting the activation of T- and B-cell immunity following BI.

[Production of monoclonal antibodies to staphylococcal alpha-toxin using the technique of in vitro immunization]. / Poluchenie monoklonal'nykh antitel k stafilokokkovomu alfa-toksinu pri ispol'zovanii tekhniki immunizatsii in vitro.

The aim of this study is production of monoclonal antibodies (MAB) to staphylococcal alpha-toxin (SAT). SAT was obtained from culture medium of S. aureus s. 0-15 with ion-exchange chromatography and chromatofocusing. SAT was conjugated with CH-sepharose 4B and used for in vitro immunization of spleen cells, extracted from intact BALB/c mouse.

[Interleukin-1-inducing activity of the polysaccharide-containing antigens of the cell wall in Yersinia pestis]. / Interleikin-1--indutsiruiushchaia aktivnost' polisakharidsoderzhashchikh antigenov kletochnoi stenki Yersinia pestis.

The induction of the synthesis of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in human monocytes under the influence of the endotoxic preparations (LPS) and Y. pestis basis somatic antigen has been experimentally studied. The results obtained in this study make it possible to come to the conclusion that the capacity of the endotoxin of Y. pestis cell wall, consisting of LPS of type R, for inducing the synthesis of IL-1 in human monocytes is not different from the corresponding capacity of Salmonella and Shigella LPS, type S. Y. pestis O-specific polysaccharide in a discrete state has considerably greater IL-1-inducing activity in comparison with other preparations used in this experimental study. Such typical changes, characteristic of the initial stage of Y. pestis infection, as a sharp rise in temperature, transitory neutropenia, significant primary suppression of the oxygen-dependent metabolism of polymorphonuclear neutrophils are probably due to the induction of the synthesis of IL-1 by the polysaccharide-containing antigen of Y. pestis cell wall (LPS, basic somatic antigen) in cells of the mononuclear phagocytizing system.