RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) mutations are the most common cause of familial early onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). The PSEN1 E280A (E280A) mutation has an autosomal dominant inheritance and is involved in the production of amyloid-ß. The largest family group of carriers with E280A mutation is found in Antioquia, Colombia. The study of mutation carriers provides a unique opportunity to identify brain changes in stages previous to AD. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a low cost and minimally invasiveness technique that enables the following of brain changes in AD. OBJECTIVE: To examine how previous reported differences in EEG for Theta and Alpha-2 rhythms in E280A subjects are related to specific regions in cortex and could be tracked across different ages. METHODS: EEG signals were acquired during resting state from non-carriers and carriers, asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects from E280A kindred from Antioquia, Colombia. Independent component analysis (ICA) and inverse solution methods were used to locate brain regions related to differences in Theta and Alpha-2 bands. RESULTS: ICA identified two components, mainly related to the Precuneus, where the differences in Theta and Alpha-2 exist simultaneously at asymptomatic and symptomatic stages. When the ratio between Theta and Alpha-2 is used, significant correlations exist with age and a composite cognitive scale. CONCLUSION: Theta and Alpha-2 rhythms are altered in E280A subjects. The alterations are possible to track at Precuneus regions using EEG, ICA, and inverse solution methods.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Ondas Encefálicas/genética , Lobo Parietal/fisiopatologia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Presenilina-1/genética , Adulto , Alanina/genética , Doença de Alzheimer/complicações , Doença de Alzheimer/fisiopatologia , Mapeamento Encefálico , Ondas Encefálicas/fisiologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/genética , Eletroencefalografia , Feminino , Ácido Glutâmico/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Análise de Componente Principal , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Recent studies report increases in neural activity in brain regions critical to episodic memory at preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although electroencephalography (EEG) is widely used in AD studies, given its non-invasiveness and low cost, there is a need to translate the findings in other neuroimaging methods to EEG. OBJECTIVE: To examine how the previous findings using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at preclinical stage in presenilin-1 E280A mutation carriers could be assessed and extended, using EEG and a connectivity approach. METHODS: EEG signals were acquired during resting and encoding in 30 normal cognitive young subjects, from an autosomal dominant early-onset AD kindred from Antioquia, Colombia. Regions of the brain previously reported as hyperactive were used for connectivity analysis. RESULTS: Mutation carriers exhibited increasing connectivity at analyzed regions. Among them, the right precuneus exhibited the highest changes in connectivity. CONCLUSION: Increased connectivity in hyperactive cerebral regions is seen in individuals, genetically-determined to develop AD, at preclinical stage. The use of a connectivity approach and a widely available neuroimaging technique opens the possibility to increase the use of EEG in early detection of preclinical AD.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/fisiopatologia , Doença de Alzheimer/psicologia , Mapeamento Encefálico , Encéfalo/patologia , Memória Episódica , Vias Neurais/fisiologia , Adulto , Doença de Alzheimer/epidemiologia , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Doenças Assintomáticas/epidemiologia , Doenças Assintomáticas/psicologia , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Imagem de Difusão por Ressonância Magnética , Eletroencefalografia , Entropia , Feminino , Lateralidade Funcional , Humanos , Masculino , Mutação/genética , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Estimulação Luminosa , Presenilina-1/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Neurodevelopmental evidence suggests that children's main decision-making strategy is to avoid options likely to induce punishment. However, the cognitive and affective factors contributing to children's avoidance to high punishment frequency remain unknown. The present study explored psychophysiological, cognitive, and metacognitive processes associated with sensitivity to punishment frequency. We evaluated 54 participants (between 8 and 15 years old) with a modified Iowa Gambling Task for children (IGT-C) which included options with varying long-term profit and punishment frequencies. Skin conductance responses (SCRs) were recorded during this task. Additionally, we assessed IGT-C metacognitive knowledge, fluid intelligence, and executive functions. Participants exhibited behavioral avoidance and high anticipatory SCRs to options with high frequency of punishment. Moreover, age, IGT-C metacognitive knowledge, and inhibitory control were associated with individual differences in sensitivity to punishment frequency. Our results suggest that children's preference for infrequently punished decisions is partially explained by psychophysiological signals as well as task complexity and development of cognitive control.
