The Hidden Curriculum Challenges in Learning Professional Ethics Among Iranian Medical Students: A Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: Medical ethics is a vital quality for the doctors which has been seriously taken into consideration in recent years. Identifying the factors affecting medical ethics may help to develop more effective ways to promote this quality in medical education. This study was aimed to explain the challenges of hidden curriculum in learning the professional ethics among Iranian medical students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This qualitative study was performed on 15 medical interns of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2019 using grounded theory (GT). Sampling was started by purposive sampling and continued through theoretical sampling until complete data saturation. Data collection and analysis were done simultaneously. Data were interpreted by the constant comparative method according to Strauss and Corbin's approach. RESULTS: The results showed that the challenges of hidden curriculum for learning the professional ethics by medical students included a number of key concepts. Analyzing these concepts and taking into account the commonalities, we obtained six subthemes using a reduction inductive method, the main theme of which was "the challenge of hidden curriculum in learning the professional medical ethics". The subthemes included "decreased interest in medicine", "false beliefs", "curriculum weakness", "materialism and economic problems", "avoidance of responsibility", and "underlying problems of the medical profession". CONCLUSION: The findings indicated six challenges in the hidden curriculum for learning the professional medical ethics. These challenges can be considered a threat or an obstacle to achieving the goals of professional ethics. Therefore, curriculum planners, education policymakers, and teachers should plan and implement the professional ethics curriculum based on these factors.

Incidence rate of physical and verbal violence inflicted by patient and their companions on the radiology department staff of educational hospitals of medical university, Kermanshah, 2017.

INTRODUCTION: Regarding the increasing risk of violence toward employees in diagnostic and therapeutic centers, radiology staff members are often exposed to forms of violence through direct contact with patients and with many professional stresses. The aim of this study is to investigate the causes and incidence of violence against radiographers in radiology departments of educational centers and hospitals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this descriptive-analytic study, violence incidence was investigated in all 121 radiographers working in radiology departments of educational centers of Kermanshah in 2016. Data were collected by a reliable and stable researcher-made questionnaire. Data analysis was also performed using descriptive statistics and T test and Chi-square tests by STATA 11 software. RESULTS: The results showed that 72.7% of radiographers had experienced violence in their work environment. Verbal violence (77.3%) was the most prevalent type where patient accompaniments were the most frequent cause of violence (54.7%), most of the violence incidents were at night shift (43.6%) and over-crowdedness was the most common cause of violence in the radiology department (21.0%). The verbal violence against radiographers younger than 40 was significantly higher (P = 0.04) than the age group above 40 years. CONCLUSION: The incidence of verbal violence against radiographers in radiology departments is high which can be reduced by providing adequate human resource and equipment in radiology departments, re-training courses on the prevention and management of violent behavior and the suing the violent events against radiologists.

Contrast Agents and Observing Patient Safety Programs in Radiology Departments in Kermanshah Province Hospitals in West of Iran.

INTRODUCTION: Contrast agents play an important role in increasing the efficiency of diagnostic imaging techniques in the evaluation of vascular lesions, infections and tumors. Annually more than 70 million radiology tests performed using contrast agent materials in the world. Side effects of contrast agent can belief-threaten, so that observing safety guideline prescribed a key role in the patient's health. AIM: The aim of this study was evaluation of compliance with the instructions in the use of contrast agent materials in Kermanshah province Hospitals, West in Iran. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, five centers that were active in the administration of contrast agents were studied. The data collection tool, a checklist containing 49 safety principle of contrast agent material was administered that after confirming its validity and reliability were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS16 software and findings were presented using descriptive and analytical statistics. FINDINGS: Results showed that the average age of the participants in this study 33.66 years.54% was male. 81.8% in the Radiology department and 18.2% were working in CT scan centers. 20.5% of prescribers the contrast agent assistant radiologist, and 79.5% was radiographer, respectively. 25% of them had passed training courses dealing with the acute effects of contrast agent. There was not a guideline to identify patients at high risk for adverse events and prevention and management of adverse reactions due to the side effects prescribing of contrast material in the imaging centers. This study showed that the overall safety of contrast agents in radiology departments only 2.3% appropriate and in 97.7% moderate. CONCLUSION: The results showed that the Safety observance of the use of contrast agents is not acceptable in many cases. Pregnancy and lactation control, sterile techniques during catheterization in non-inject able contrast agent was not acceptable. Monitoring the patients, use safety box in case of emergency and skilled use of defibrillator; observe this safety issues was rarely taken into consideration by prescribers of inject able contrast agents. The centers survey shows that there isn't a standard guideline to identify patients at high risk and management of side effects of prescribed contrast agent.