The role of brain biopsy in the clinical management of HIV-related focal brain lesions.

OBJECTIVES: Up to 20% of HIV-related focal brain lesion (FBL) diagnoses cannot be determined without invasive procedures. In such cases, brain biopsy is an important step in the evaluation algorithm. The aims of this study were to describe the clinical outcomes of patients with FBL, the proportion of diagnoses confirmed by brain biopsies and their aetiologies, and to analyse the proportion of patients in whom the biopsy motivated a change in therapeutic management. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed. The data from clinical records of patients with HIV-related FBL admitted between January 2005 and December 2015 were reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 137 patients were included in the study. The median age was 39 years [interquartile range (IQR) 33-44.5 years]. The median CD4 count was 54 cells/µL (IQR 21-124 cells/µL). Cerebral brain biopsy was performed in 21.16% of patients (29 of 137); 68.9% of these individuals (20 of 29) were diagnosed by histology, with results of central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma in 20.6% (six of 29), progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in 6.8% (two of 29), toxoplasmosis in 6.8% (two of 29), tuberculoma in 6.8% (two of 29), and other diagnoses in 27.6% (eight of 29). In nine patients, the histology was nonspecific. In 75.8% of patients (22 of 29), the result of the biopsy led to a change in the therapeutic management. We did not observe higher rates of mortality related to the procedure. Overall mortality at 30 and 90 days was similar in patients who were and were not biopsied. CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective cohort study, cerebral biopsy was associated with significant adjustments in therapeutic management for a high percentage of patients.

Management of MDR-TB in HIV co-infected patients in Eastern Europe: Results from the TB:HIV study.

OBJECTIVES: Mortality among HIV patients with tuberculosis (TB) remains high in Eastern Europe (EE), but details of TB and HIV management remain scarce. METHODS: In this prospective study, we describe the TB treatment regimens of patients with multi-drug resistant (MDR) TB and use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). RESULTS: A total of 105 HIV-positive patients had MDR-TB (including 33 with extensive drug resistance) and 130 pan-susceptible TB. Adequate initial TB treatment was provided for 8% of patients with MDR-TB compared with 80% of those with pan-susceptible TB. By twelve months, an estimated 57.3% (95%CI 41.5-74.1) of MDR-TB patients had started adequate treatment. While 67% received ART, HIV-RNA suppression was demonstrated in only 23%. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that internationally recommended MDR-TB treatment regimens were infrequently used and that ART use and viral suppression was well below the target of 90%, reflecting the challenging patient population and the environment in which health care is provided. Urgent improvement of management of patients with TB/HIV in EE, in particular for those with MDR-TB, is needed and includes widespread access to rapid TB diagnostics, better access to and use of second-line TB drugs, timely ART initiation with viral load monitoring, and integration of TB/HIV care.

Motivos de internación vinculados a la infección por HIV en la era pre y post-tratamiento antirretroviral de alta eficacia / HIV patient hospitalization during the pre and post-HAART era

El objetivo del estudio fue describir y comparar las características de internación de pacientes infectadospor el HIV en dos períodos, uno previo y otro posterior a la disponibilidad del tratamientoantirretroviral de alta eficacia en nuestro medio. Diseñamos un estudio retrospectivo observacional. Se relevóla información demográfica y las características de las internaciones: motivo, días de hospitalización, evolucióny tratamiento antirretroviral al ingreso. Se revisaron 522 internaciones correspondientes a 330 pacientes en 2períodos: 1995-96 (n=289) y 2001-02 (n=233). Los motivos más frecuentes de internación fueron las enfermedadesmarcadoras de sida: 57.1% y 59.7% en los períodos 1 y 2 respectivamente. La tuberculosis fue la causaprincipal de internación en ambos períodos (23.9% y 15.5%), seguida de criptococosis (3.5% y 7.3%), neumoníapor Pneumocystis jiroveci (5.9% y 9.4%) y toxoplasmosis (6.9% y 8.6%). La mortalidad no se modificó de manerasignificativa (13.5% y 16.1%). La infección por HIV se diagnosticó en el 30% de los pacientes internados. Durante el 2º período, observamos una disminución en el número de pacientes que se internaron más de una vez (41.7% y 26.8%). El porcentaje de pacientes con tratamiento antirretroviral al ingreso aumentó del 8% al 25%. No observamos diferencias en las causas de internación y en la evolución de los pacientes en los períodos estudiados. Latuberculosis fue la enfermedad que más frecuentemente motivó la hospitalización. El número de internaciones se mantuvo estable, mientras que se observó un aumento en el número de consultas ambulatorias en ambos períodos (1678, 2512, 5670 y 7074 consultas para los años 1995, 1996, 2001 y 2002 respectivamente).(AU)

The purpose of this study was todescribe and to compare the characteristics of patient admissions during two periods, one pre HAARTand the other when HAART was fully available. A retrospective analysis of demographic data, ambulatory care information and hospitalization characteristics was performed. Causes of admission, outcome, mortality, length of hospitalization and type of antiretroviral therapy were analyzed. A total of 330 medical records were reviewed, corresponding to 522 admissions during both study periods: 1995-96 (n=289) and 2001-02 (n=233). The most frequent causes of hospitalization were AIDS defining events (period 1: 57.1%; period 2: 59.7%). Tuberculosis was the main cause of admission in both periods (23.9% and 15.5%). Criptococosis (3.5%-7.3%), Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (5.9%-9.4%), and CNS toxoplasmosis (6.9 -8.6%) followed tuberculosis. Mortality did not vary significantly (13.5%-16.1%). HIV-1 infection was diagnosed at admission in 30% of cases. During 2nd period, a significant decrease in re-admission (41.6-26.8%) was observed, whereas there was an increase in the percentage of patients with previous antiretroviral treatment on admission (8%-25%). An increase in the ambulatory care clinic consultations (1995: n=1678; 1996: n=2512; 2001: n=5670; 2002: n=7074) was observed. No significant differences in the causes of admission and outcome in both periods were found. Tuberculosis is the most frequent disease that motivates hospitalization. The relation between ambulatory consultations and the amount of admissions significantly increased. (AU)

Motivos de internación vinculados a la infección por HIV en la era pre y post-tratamiento antirretroviral de alta eficacia / HIV patient hospitalization during the pre and post-HAART era

El objetivo del estudio fue describir y comparar las características de internación de pacientes infectadospor el HIV en dos períodos, uno previo y otro posterior a la disponibilidad del tratamientoantirretroviral de alta eficacia en nuestro medio. Diseñamos un estudio retrospectivo observacional. Se relevóla información demográfica y las características de las internaciones: motivo, días de hospitalización, evolucióny tratamiento antirretroviral al ingreso. Se revisaron 522 internaciones correspondientes a 330 pacientes en 2períodos: 1995-96 (n=289) y 2001-02 (n=233). Los motivos más frecuentes de internación fueron las enfermedadesmarcadoras de sida: 57.1% y 59.7% en los períodos 1 y 2 respectivamente. La tuberculosis fue la causaprincipal de internación en ambos períodos (23.9% y 15.5%), seguida de criptococosis (3.5% y 7.3%), neumoníapor Pneumocystis jiroveci (5.9% y 9.4%) y toxoplasmosis (6.9% y 8.6%). La mortalidad no se modificó de manerasignificativa (13.5% y 16.1%). La infección por HIV se diagnosticó en el 30% de los pacientes internados. Durante el 2° período, observamos una disminución en el número de pacientes que se internaron más de una vez (41.7% y 26.8%). El porcentaje de pacientes con tratamiento antirretroviral al ingreso aumentó del 8% al 25%. No observamos diferencias en las causas de internación y en la evolución de los pacientes en los períodos estudiados. Latuberculosis fue la enfermedad que más frecuentemente motivó la hospitalización. El número de internaciones se mantuvo estable, mientras que se observó un aumento en el número de consultas ambulatorias en ambos períodos (1678, 2512, 5670 y 7074 consultas para los años 1995, 1996, 2001 y 2002 respectivamente).

The purpose of this study was todescribe and to compare the characteristics of patient admissions during two periods, one pre HAARTand the other when HAART was fully available. A retrospective analysis of demographic data, ambulatory care information and hospitalization characteristics was performed. Causes of admission, outcome, mortality, length of hospitalization and type of antiretroviral therapy were analyzed. A total of 330 medical records were reviewed, corresponding to 522 admissions during both study periods: 1995-96 (n=289) and 2001-02 (n=233). The most frequent causes of hospitalization were AIDS defining events (period 1: 57.1%; period 2: 59.7%). Tuberculosis was the main cause of admission in both periods (23.9% and 15.5%). Criptococosis (3.5%-7.3%), Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (5.9%-9.4%), and CNS toxoplasmosis (6.9 -8.6%) followed tuberculosis. Mortality did not vary significantly (13.5%-16.1%). HIV-1 infection was diagnosed at admission in 30% of cases. During 2nd period, a significant decrease in re-admission (41.6-26.8%) was observed, whereas there was an increase in the percentage of patients with previous antiretroviral treatment on admission (8%-25%). An increase in the ambulatory care clinic consultations (1995: n=1678; 1996: n=2512; 2001: n=5670; 2002: n=7074) was observed. No significant differences in the causes of admission and outcome in both periods were found. Tuberculosis is the most frequent disease that motivates hospitalization. The relation between ambulatory consultations and the amount of admissions significantly increased.